Electromagnetic-Acoustic-Transducer [PDF 5928 KB]

134 Pages·2013·5.75 MB·English

NAT'L INST. OF STAND &.T|CH NBS
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\ NBS TECHNICAL NOTE
1075
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards
/
193^
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
The National Bureau ofStandards' was established by an act ofCongress on March 3, 1901.
The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology
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Electromagnetic-Acoustic-Transducer/ ^^^^
System
Synthetic-Aperture for
^^^^
Thick-Weld Inspection
C. M. Fortunko"^
Schramm
R. E.
J. C. Moulder
J. D. McColskey
Fracture and Deformation Division
Center for Materials Science
National Bureau of Standards
U.S. Department of Commerce
Boulder, Colorado 80303
^Present address: Aerojet Ordnance, Tustin, California 92680
Funded by:
Ames Laboratory
Energy and Mineral Resources Research Institute
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa 5001
¥
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
Issued May 1984
National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 1075
Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech Note 1075, 130 pages (May 1984)
CODEN: NBTNAE
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON: 1984
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
1 INTRODUCTION 1
References 5
2 INSPECTION CONCEPT 7
Ultrasonic Principles 7
Signal Processing 10
Summary 17
References 19
3 SYSTEM CONCEPT - OVERVIEW 21
Reference 27
4 DESIGN OF EFFECTIVE SH-WAVE EMATS 29
Operational Principles 29
Practical Configurations 31
Final Design 35
References 43
5 TRANSDUCER ELECTRONICS 45
Design of Low-Noise Receiver Amplifiers
for EMATs 45
Design of Efficient Power Amplifiers for EMAT
Applications 49
References 55
6 DIGITAL PROCESSING 59
Signal Averaging Method 59
Synthetic Aperture Method 59
Scanner Control and Ultrasonic Data Collection
and Processing 62
References 68
7 MECHANICAL APPARATUS 69
Gimbal -Mounted Transducer Housing 69
Two-Axis Positioner 72
8 MEASUREMENTS 75
Preparation of Calibration Specimens 75
Experimental Procedure 77
Evaluation of Surface Slot Scattering
Measurements 79
References 89
9 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 91
References 96
m
Appendices Page
I SOFTWARE LISTING 97
II SOFTWARE SAMPLE RUN 109
III TECHNICAL PAPERS RESULTING FROM THIS PROGRAM 115
IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 117
IV
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2-1 SH-wave detection of planar flaws in a weld. 8
2-2 Ultrasonic scattering by two-dimensional defects.
(a) Short wavelength, (b) Long wavelength. 10
2-3 Ultrasonic signal paths, (a) Semi-infinite half-space.
(b) Multiple paths in finite thickness plate. 12
2-4 SH-wave reflection signals, (a) EMAT-flaw distance
about 55 mm. Signal interference, (b) EMAT-flaw
distance about 65 mm. Signal separation. 13
2-5 Multipath propagation of ultrasonic pulses in a plate
and the equivalent path length, (a) Even number of
surface reflections, (b) Odd number of surface
reflections. 16
2-6 Synthetic aperture processing of a reflection echo from
a saw cut in the surface of a 25-mm thick plate. Signals
#1 to #10 are raw data taken at incremental increases of
2.1 mm between EMATs and cut. The processed waveform is
at the bottom. 18
3-1 Block-diagram of SH-wave-EMAT weld inspection system. 22
3-2 Photograph of laboratory SH-wave-EMAT weld inspection
system. 23
3-3 Block-diagram of the analog electronics section. 24
3-4 Concept for detecting and characterizing weld flaws.
(a) Longitudinal, (b) Transverse. 26
4-1 Primitive EMAT element. The eddy current J produced by
I in a wire at the surface interacts with the external
mcignetic field Ho to produce traction force T. 30
4-2 The radiation pattern of the simple EMAT in Fig. 4-1
produces a stronger reflection from the plate back
surface than does a flaw. 31
4-3 Schematic of a periodic-permanent-magnet (PPM) EMAT con-
taining M pairs of magnets. 32
4-4 Aluminum test block and transducer configuration to
measure the angular distribution of ultrasonic energy. 34
4-5 Simple EMAT (M=l) with maximum sensitivity to SH waves
propagating normal to the surface. 34
Figure Page
4-6 Angular radiation pattern of EMAT in Fig. 4-5 (M=l).
Maximum amplitude is normal to the surface. 36
4-7 Angular radiation pattern of EMAT in Fig. 4-3 (M=16).
Maximum amplitude grazes the surface. 36
4-8 Improved EMAT design. The two coils are counter-wound
to minimize pickup of EMI. 37
4-9 Radiation patterns of EMAT in Fig. 4-8. Three cycle tone
burst, (a) 400 kHz. (b) 441 kHz. (c) 500 kHz.
(d) 700 kHz. 39
4-10 Radiation patterns of EMAT in Fig. 4-8. 441 kHz. (a) Four
cycle tone burst, (b) Eight cycle tone burst. 42
4-11 Transverse radiation distribution of M=l EMAT (Fig. 4-5). 42
5-1 Idealized schematic of a receiver-amplifier system. 46
5-2 Schematic of the transmission-line transformers and
J-FET preamplifier used in the current work with a
transmission line < one meter long. 48
5-3 Preamplifier schematic. Useful for longer transmission
lines. 48
5-4 (a) Basic capacitive discharge circuit used in most
commercial pulser designs for driving piezoelectric
transducer elements, (b) Voltage waveform seen by
transducer T. 51
5-5 (a) Basic schematic of a power amplifier for a trans-
mitter EMAT. (b) Voltage and current waveforms
produced by this amplifier. 53
5-6 Schematic of amplifier for 300-600 kHz used in this work. 56
5-7 Construction of output power transformers used in the
amplifier of Fig. 5-6. 56
5-8 Oscilloscope traces of the output of the amplifier in
Fig. 5-6. (a) Voltage, (b) Current. 57
6-1 By repeated mathematical processing, the same data set
can be brought to focus at multiple points. 60
6-2 Phase shift of Fourier coefficients in the real-
imaginary plane. 61
VI
.
Figure Page
6-3 Flow chart of computer program used to collect, store,
process, and display synthetic aperture data. 63
6-4 Geometrical parameters required for synthetic
aperture processing. 63
6-5 (a) Three sets (out of ten) of raw signal data.
(b) Signal after synthetic aperture processing. 66
6-6 Typical Fourier coefficients for some raw data sets and
after processing. All the information is centered about
the operational frequency of 450 kHz. (a) Real,
(b) Imaginary. 67
6-7 Power distribution of processed signal. 68
7-1 Gimbal -mounted transducer housing for both transmitter
and receiver EMATs. The two axes of rotational freedom
allow the probe surface to comform to the plane of the
plate under inspection. 70
7-2 Transducer housing attached to pneumatic piston and
suspended from the two-axis positioner operated under
computer control 71
8-1 Calibration plate with EDM notches. 76
8-2 Detailed scan pattern used for data collection. 78
8-3 Scan pattern used when the slots were on the same side
of the plate as the EMATs. 78
8-4 Peak-to-peak signal voltage from scan of slots on same
side of plate as EMATs. (a) Flaws A-E. (b) Flaws F-J. 81
8-5 Power signal from scan of slots on same side of plate
as EMATs. (a) Flaws A-E. (b) Flaws F-J. 82
8-6 Flaw signal as a function of flaw depth for a constant
length. The results remain the same for flaws up or
down, (a) Peak-to-peak voltage, (b) Power. 85
8-7 Flaw signal as a function of flaw length for a constant
depth. The results remain the same for flaws up or
down, (a) Peak-to-peak voltage, (b) Power. 86
.
8-8 Depth and length measurement capabilities and limitations
of the present EMAT system. The letters A through J
-
identify the points indicating the dimensions of the
calibration notches listed in Table 8-1. 88
vn
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
8-1 Dimensions of EDM notches in calibration plate. 76
VI 1 1