Electrochemotherapy, Electrogenetherapy, and Transdermal Drug Delivery: Electrically Mediated Delivery of Molecules to Cells

492 Pages·2000·3.584 MB·English

by  Eberhard Neumann, Sergej Kakorin, Katja Toensing (auth.), Mark J. Jaroszeski PhD, Richard Heller PhD, Richard Gilbert PhD (eds.)

Electrochemotherapy, Electrogenetherapy,
and Transdermal Drug Delivery
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M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R M E D I C I N ETM
Electrochemotherapy,
Electrogenetherapy, and
Transdermal Drug Delivery
Electrically Mediated Delivery
of Molecules to Cells
Edited by
Mark J. Jaroszeski,
PhD
Richard Heller,
PhD
University of South Florida College of Medicine
Richard Gilbert,
PhD
University of South Florida College of Engineering
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Main entry under title:
Methods in molecular medicine™.
Electrochemotherapy, electrogenetherapy, and transdermal drug delivery : electrically mediated delivery
of molecules to cells / edited by Mark J. Jaroszeski, Richard Heller, Richard Gilbert.
p. cm. --(Methods in molecular medicine)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-89603-606-5 (alk. paper)
1. Electroporation. 2. Transdermal medication. 3. Bioelectrochemistry. 4. Cancer—
Chemotherapy. I. Jaroszeski, Mark J. II. Heller, Richard, 1954— . III. Gilbert, Richard,
PhD. IV. Series.
QH585.5.E48E434 1999 99-31031
615'.6—dc21 CIP
Preface
Pulsed electric fields have been applied to living systems in vitro for a host
of delivery applications since the early 1980s. It has been established that the
primary effect that electrical treatment has on cells is an induced increase in the
permeability of membranes to exogenous molecules. This state of increased
permeability was noted to be temporary and could be induced with little or no
effect on cell viability. This physical phenomenon was termed electroporation.
Numerous published studies have shown that electroporation can be applied to
any cell type. These studies also exploited the phenomenon to deliver drugs,
DNA, antibodies, proteins, and fluorescent molecules. The use of electricity to
mediate delivery of these molecule types in vitro has proven to be an invaluable
research tool for biological and biomedical scientists.
Many of the in vitro applications for electrically mediated delivery have
tremendous potential for the treatment of human disease. For example, the effi-
cient delivery of drugs and plasmid DNA has strong implications for improving
standard therapies, as well as gene therapies. This potential was realized about
12 years ago when electric pulses were used to deliver drugs to tumor cells in
vivo. Since then, the utility of in vivo electroporation for the delivery of mol-
ecules has been demonstrated through new applications that have been developed
with increasing frequency each year. Electrochemotherapy, Electrogenetherapy,
and Transdermal Drug Delivery: Electrically Mediated Delivery of Molecules to
Cellsprovides review and protocol chapters that completely cover this relatively
new scientific discipline.
This volume is arranged into four sections. The first provides reviews of
critical aspects of electroporation, chemotherapeutic agent delivery, gene deliv-
ery, and transdermal transport. This collection of chapters provides
information about the history, current state, and future implications of the work
that has been accomplished using electric fields to deliver molecules in vivo.
The remaining three sections of the volume focus on protocols used for the
delivery of molecules into cells and through the skin. The protocol chapters are
divided into sections based on their relevance to chemotherapeutic agent deliv-
ery, gene delivery, and transdermal delivery.
The organization of Electrochemotherapy, Electrogenetherapy, and
Transdermal Drug Delivery was designed to provide the reader with a com-
v
vi Preface
plete review of in vivo electroporation for the delivery of molecules in order
to instill an understanding of the subject as well as an appreciation for the
potential health-related applications. This volume is designed to be a conve-
nient review for the novice in the field as well as an update for scientists that
are already familiar the use of electric fields in vivo. All of the work in this
discipline has required the development of specific new protocols that include
animal models, electrical generators, specialized electrodes, and novel meth-
ods. Thus, the protocols section has been collected to provide sufficient
detailed information for researchers to use or modify for their own needs.
In closing, the editors wish to thank all of the authors for their contribu-
tions to this text and to the field of electrically mediated delivery. Every author
has contributed significantly to this young but promising field. Based on the
highly successful clinical trials using electrochemotherapy, promising gene therapy
results in animals, and encouraging transdermal delivery progress, it seemsinevi-
table that this field will expand further into the clinical domain in the near future.
Mark J. Jaroszeski, PHD
Richard Heller, PHD
Richard Gilbert, PHD
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................v
Contributors....................................................................................................vii
REVIEWS
1 Principles of Membrane Electroporation and Transport
of Macromolecules
Eberhard Neumann, Sergej Kakorin, and Katja Toensing..............1
2 Instrumentation and Electrodes for In Vivo Electroporation
Gunter A. Hofmann..............................................................................37
3 Numerical Modeling for In Vivo Electroporation
Dejan S˘emrov and Damijan Miklavc˘ic˘..........................................63
4 In Vitro Delivery of Drugs and Other Molecules to Cells
Marie-Pierre Rols, Muriel Golzio, Christine Delteil,
and Justin Teissié...........................................................................83
5 The Basis of Electrochemotherapy
Lluis M. Mir and Stéphane Orlowski.................................................99
6 Electrochemotherapy:Animal Model Work Review
Gregor Sers˘a......................................................................................119
7 Clinical Trials for Solid Tumors Using Electrochemotherapy
Richard Heller, Richard Gilbert, and Mark J. Jaroszeski.............137
8 In Vitro and Ex Vivo Gene Delivery to Cells by Electroporation
Sek Wen Hui and Lin Hong Li..........................................................157
9 Delivery of Genes In Vivo Using Pulsed Electric Fields
Mark J. Jaroszeski, Richard Gilbert, Claude Nicolau,
and Richard Heller.........................................................................173
10 Mechanism of Transdermal Drug Delivery by Electroporation
Timothy E. Vaughan and James C. Weaver...................................187
11 Mechanistic Studies of Skin Electroporation Using
Biophysical Methods
Mark R. Prausnitz, Uwe Pliquett, and Rita Vanbever....................213
vii
viii Contents
ELECTROCHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS
12 Treatment of Murine Transplanted Subcutaneous Tumors
Using Systemic Drug Administration
Stéphane Orlowski and Lluis M. Mir...............................................247
13 Electrochemotherapy of Murine Melanoma Using Intratumor Drug
Administration
Richard Heller, Richard Gilbert, and Mark J. Jaroszeski.............253
14 Treatment of a Tumor Model with ECT Using 4+4 Electrode
Configuration
Maja Cemaz˘ar.....................................................................................259
15 Treatment of Multiple Spontaneous Breast Tumors in Mice Using
Electrochemotherapy
Stéphane Orlowski and Lluis M. Mir...............................................265
16 Electroporation of Muscle Tissue In Vivo
Julie Gehl and Lluis M. Mir...............................................................271
17 Treatment of Human Pancreatic Tumors Xenografted in Nude Mice
by Chemotherapy Combined with Pulsed Electric Fields
Sukhendu B. Dev, Gunter A. Hofmann,
and Gurvinder S. Nanda...............................................................277
18 Distribution of Bleomycin in a Rat Model
Per Engström, Leif G. Salford, and Bertil R. R. Persson..............285
19 Treatment of Rat Bladder Cancer with Electrochemotherapy
In Vivo
Yoko Kubota, Teruhiro Nakada, and Isoji Sasagawa....................293
20 Electrochemotherapy for the Treatment of Soft Tissue Sarcoma
in a Rat Model
Richard Gilbert, Mark J. Jaroszeski, and Richard Heller.............299
21 Treatment of Spontaneous Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Cat
Stéphane Orlowski and Lluis M. Mir...............................................305
22 Treatment of Rat Glioma with Electrochemotherapy
Leif G. Salford, Per Engström, and Bertil R. R. Persson..............313
23 Treatment of Liver Malignancies with Electrochemotherapy
in a Rat Model
Mark J. Jaroszeski, Richard Gilbert, and Richard Heller.............319
24 Treatment of Liver Tumors in Rabbit
Stéphane Orlowski and Lluis M. Mir...............................................327
Contents ix
ELECTROGENETHERAPY PROTOCOLS
25 Electrically Mediated Reporter Gene Transfer into
Normal Rat Liver Tissue
Mark J. Jaroszeski, Richard Gilbert, Claude Nicolau,
and Richard Heller.........................................................................333
26 Reporter/Functional Gene Transfer in Rat Brain
Toru Nishi, Kimio Yoshizato, Tomoaki Goto, Hideo Takeshima,
Shigeo Yamashiro, Jun-ichi Kuratsu, Hideyuki Saya, and
Yukitaka Ushio...............................................................................339
27 In Vivo Gene Electroporation in the Mouse Testis
Tatsuo Muramatsu.............................................................................349
28 Ex Vivo Stromal Cell Electroporation of Factor IX cDNA for
Treatment of Hemophilia B
Armand Keating, Edward Nolan, Robin Filshie,
and Sukhendu B. Dev...................................................................359
29 In Ovo Gene Electroporation into Early Chicken Embryos
Tatsuo Muramatsu.............................................................................369
TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY PROTOCOLS
30 Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Rapid and Noninvasive
Analysis of Skin Electroporation
Uwe Pliquett and Mark R. Prausnitz................................................377
31 An In Vitro System for Measuring the Transdermal Voltage
and Molecular Flux Across the Skin in Real Time
Tani Chen, Robert Langer, and James C. Weaver........................407
32 Using Surface Electrodes to Monitor the Electric-Pulse-Induced
Permeabilization of Porcine Skin
Stephen A. Gallo, Patricia G. Johnson, and Sek Wen Hui...........437
33 Transdermal Delivery Using Surface Electrodes in Porcine Skin
Patricia G. Johnson, Stephen A. Gallo, and Sek Wen Hui...........447
34 Transdermal Drug Delivery by Skin Electroporation in the Rat
Rita Vanbever and Véronique Préat................................................457
35 In Vivo Skin-Targeted Gene Delivery by Pulsed Electric Fields
Lei Zhang............................................................................................473
Index............................................................................................................489
ix
Contributors
MAJA C˘EMAZ˘AR • Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Oncology,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
TANI CHEN • Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, MA
CHRISTINE DELTEIL • IPBS-CNRS UPR 9062 Toulouse, France
SUKHENDU B. DEV • Genetronics Inc., San Diego, CA
PER ENGSTRÖM • Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University Hospital,
Lund, Sweden
ROBIN FILSHIE • University of Toronto Autologous Blood and Marrow
Transplant Program, The Toronto Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
STEPHEN A. GALLO • Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Department,
Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
JULIE GEHL • Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
RICHARD GILBERT • Department of Chemical Engineering, College of
Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
MURIEL GOLZIO • IPBS-CNRS UPR 9062 Toulouse, France
TOMOAKI GOTO • Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University School
of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
RICHARD HELLER • Department of Surgery, College of Medicine,
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
GUNTER A. HOFMANN • Genetronics Inc., San Diego, CA
SEK WEN HUI • Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Department, Roswell
Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
MARK J. JAROSZESKI • Department of Surgery, College of Medicine,
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
PATRICIA G. JOHNSON • Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Department,
Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
SERGEJ KAKORIN • Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld,
Germany
ARMAND KEATING • University of Toronto Autologous Blood and Marrow
Transplant Program, The Toronto Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
YOKO KUBOTA • Department of Urology, Yamagata University School of
Medicine, Yamagata, Japan