Electrochemistry for the Environment

566 Pages·2010·21.166 MB·English

by  Agnieszka Kapałka, György Fóti (auth.), Christos Comninellis, Guohua Chen (eds.)

Electrochemistry for the Environment
Christos Comninellis Guohua Chen
(cid:129)
Editors
Electrochemistry for the
Environment
123
Editors
ChristosComninellis GuohuaChen
Dept.ChemicalEngineering Dept.ChemicalEngineering
EcolePolytech.Fed.Lausanne HongKongUniversityofScience
1015Lausanne andTechnology
Switzerland ClearWaterBay
christos.comninellis@epfl.ch Kowloon
HongKongSAR
[email protected]
ISBN978-0-387-36922-8 e-ISBN978-0-387-68318-8
DOI10.1007/978-0-387-68318-8
SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon
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Preface
Wastewater treatment technology is undergoing a profound transformation due to
thefundamentalchangesinregulationsgoverningthedischargeanddisposalofhaz-
ardouspollutants.Establisheddesignproceduresandcriteria,whichhaveservedthe
industrywellfordecades,cannolongermeettheever-increasingdemand.
Toxicityreductionrequirementsdictateinthedevelopmentofnewtechnologies
forthetreatmentofthesetoxicpollutantsinasafeandcost-effectivemanner.Fore-
mostamongthesetechnologiesareelectrochemicalprocesses.
Whileelectrochemicaltechnologieshavebeenknownandutilizedforthetreat-
ment of wastewater containing heavy metal cations, the application of these pro-
cesses is only just a beginning to be developed for the oxidation of recalcitrant
organicpollutants.
In fact, only recently the electrochemical oxidation process has been recog-
nized as an advanced oxidation process (AOP). This is due to the development of
boron-dopeddiamond(BDD)anodesonwhichtheoxidationoforganicpollutants
ismediatedviatheformationofactivehydroxylradicals.
In this volume, our goals are to first lay down the fundamentals involving
the environmental electrochemistry, introducing the basic techniques in selecting
the electrode materials and fabricating them, followed by the theoretical analy-
sis of the electrochemical processes, the green electrochemical operation, discuss
about the electrochemical technologies in water/wastewater treatment using BDD,
and then examine the established wastewater treatment technologies such as elec-
trocoagulationandelectroflotation.Theelectrochemicalreductiontechnologiesare
discussed in two chapters with main focus on the treatment of halogenated com-
pounds. Electrooxidation using Ti/SnO has received lots attention in the past
2
decades,onechapterisdevotedtothistopic.Onechapterdiscussesaboutthetreat-
ment of wet sludge, a type of waste to generate along with the water/wastewater
treatment development. The emerging technologies based on solar energy are an-
alyzed toward the end of the book with a closing chapter on using both redox
half-reactions,reductionandoxidationinwastewatertreatment.
We are grateful to the contributors from eight countries in Asia, Europe, and
North America. We hope this collective work of internationally renowned experts
on electrochemical technologies can help the environmental engineers, academic
v
vi Preface
researchers, and environmental protection officials/agencies to better protect our
precious earth. We are confident that together people can preserve the natural en-
vironmentforusandmanygenerationstocome!
Lausanne,Switzerland ChristosComninellis
Kowloon,HongKong GuohuaChen
Contents
1 BasicPrinciplesoftheElectrochemicalMineralization
ofOrganicPollutantsforWastewaterTreatment......................... 1
AgnieszkaKapałka,Gyo¨rgyFo´ti,andChristosComninellis
2 ImportanceofElectrodeMaterialintheElectrochemical
TreatmentofWastewaterContainingOrganicPollutants............... 25
MarcoPanizza
3 TechniquesofElectrodeFabrication ....................................... 55
LiangGuo,XinyongLi,andGuohuaChen
4 ModelingofElectrochemicalProcessfortheTreatment
ofWastewaterContainingOrganicPollutants............................ 99
Manuel A. Rodrigo, Pablo Can˜izares, Justo Lobato,
andCristinaSa´ez
5 GreenElectroorganicSynthesisUsingBDDElectrodes..................125
UlrichGriesbach,ItamarM.Malkowsky,andSiegfriedR.
Waldvogel
6 DomesticandIndustrialWaterDisinfection
UsingBoron-DopedDiamondElectrodes..................................143
Philippe Rychen, Christophe Provent, Laurent Pupunat,
andNicolasHermant
7 Drinking Water Disinfection by In-line Electrolysis:
ProductandInorganicBy-ProductFormation............................163
M.E.HenryBergmann
8 Case Studies in the Electrochemical Treatment
ofWastewaterContainingOrganicPollutantsUsingBDD..............205
AnnaMariaPolcaro,M.Mascia,S.Palmas,andA.Vacca
vii
viii Contents
9 The Persulfate Process for the Mediated Oxidation
ofOrganicPollutants.........................................................229
N.VatistasandCh.Comninellis
10 ElectrocoagulationinWaterTreatment....................................245
HuijuanLiu,XuZhao,andJiuhuiQu
11 Electroflotation................................................................263
XuemingChenandGuohuaChen
12 ElectroreductionofHalogenatedOrganicCompounds..................279
SandraRondininiandAlbertoVertova
13 PrinciplesandApplicationsofSolidPolymerElectrolyte
Reactors for Electrochemical Hydrodehalogenation
ofOrganicPollutants.........................................................307
HuaChengandKeithScott
14 Preparation,AnalysisandBehaviorsofTi-BasedSnO
2
Electrode and the Function of Rare-Earth Doping
inAqueousWastesTreatment...............................................325
YujieFeng,JunfengLiu,andHaiyangDing
15 WetElectrolyticOxidationofOrganicsandApplication
forSludgeTreatment.........................................................353
RobertoM.Serikawa
16 Environmental Photo(electro)catalysis: Fundamental
PrinciplesandAppliedCatalysts ...........................................371
HuanjunZhang,GuohuaChen,andDetlefW.Bahnemann
17 Solar Disinfection of Water by TiO Photoassisted
2
Processes:Physicochemical,Biological,andEngineering
Aspects.........................................................................443
AngelaGuiovanaRinco´nandCesarPulgarin
18 FabricationofPhotoelectrodeMaterials...................................473
HuanjunZhang,XinyongLi,andGuohuaChen
19 UseofBothAnodeandCathodeReactionsinWastewater
Treatment......................................................................515
EnricBrillas,IgnasiSire´s,andPereLlu´ısCabot
Index.................................................................................553
Contributors
Detlef W. Bahnemann Institut fu¨r Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universita¨t
Hannover,Hannover,Germany,[email protected]
M.E.HenryBergmann Departments6/7,AnhaltUniversityofAppliedSciences,
Koethen/Anh.,Germany,[email protected]
EnricBrillas Laboratorid’Electroqu´ımicadelsMaterialsidelMediAmbient,
DepartamentdeQu´ımicaF´ısica,FacultatdeQu´ımica,UniversitatdeBarcelona,
Mart´ıiFranque`s1–11,08028Barcelona,Spain,[email protected]
PereLlu´ısCabot Laboratorid’Electroqu´ımicadelsMaterialsidelMediAmbient,
DepartamentdeQu´ımicaF´ısica,FacultatdeQu´ımica,UniversitatdeBarcelona,
Mart´ıiFranque`s1–11,Barcelona,Spain,[email protected]
PabloCan˜izares DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,UniversidaddeCastilla
LaMancha,CampusUniversitarios/n,CiudadReal,Spain
Guohua Chen Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
HongKongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,ClearWaterBay,Kowloon,
HongKong,[email protected]
Xueming Chen Environmental Engineering Department,Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou,China,[email protected]
HuaCheng SchoolofChemicalEngineering&AdvancedMaterials,Newcastle
University,MerzCourt,NewcastleUponTyne,UK,[email protected]
Christos Comninellis Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole
Polytechnique Fe´de´rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, christos.
comninellis@epfl.ch
Yujie Feng State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource & Environment,
Harbin Institute of Technology, No 73, Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090,
Heilongjiang,People’sRepublicofChina,[email protected]
Gyo¨rgyFoti InstituteofChemicalSciencesandEngineering,EcolePolytechnique
Fe´de´raledeLausanne(EPFL),Lausanne,Switzerland,gyorgy.foti@epfl.ch
ix
x Contributors
UlrichGriesbach CareChemicals,BASFSE,Ludwigshafen,Germany,ulrich.
[email protected];cpr@adamant technologies.com
Liang Guo Environmental Engineering Program, The Hong Kong University
of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong,
[email protected]
NicolasHermant AdamantTechnologiesSA,LaChaux-de-Fonds,Switzerland
Agnieszka Kapałka Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole
PolytechniqueFe´de´raledeLausanne(EPFL),Lausanne,Switzerland,agnieszka.
cieciwa@epfl.ch
XinyongLi KeyLaboratoryofIndustrialEcologyandEnvironmentalEngineering,
SchoolofEnvironmental&BiologicalScience&Technology,DalianUniversityof
Technology,Dalian,China,[email protected]
Huijuan Liu State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry,
ResearchCenterforEco-EnvironmentalSciences,ChineseAcademyofSciences,
Beijing,China,[email protected]
JustoLobato DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,UniversidaddeCastillaLa
Mancha,CampusUniversitarios/n,CiudadReal,Spain
Itamar M. Malkowsky Chemicals Research and Engineering, BASF SE,
Ludwigshafen,Germany,[email protected]
M.Mascia Dip.IngegneriaChimicaemat.,UniversityofCagliari,Cagliari,Italy,
[email protected]
S.Palmas Dip.IngegneriaChimicaemat.,UniversityofCagliari,Cagliari,Italy,
[email protected]
Marco Panizza Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Genoa
University,Genoa,Italy,[email protected]
Anna Maria Polcaro Dip. Ingegneria Chimica e mat., University of Cagliari,
Cagliari,Italy,[email protected]
ChristopheProvent AdamantTechnologiesSA,LaChaux-de-Fonds,Switzerland
CesarPulgarin DivisionofChemistry,EcolePolytechniqueFe´de´raledeLausanne
Suisse,cesar.pulgarin@epfl.ch
LaurentPupunat AdamantTechnologiesSA,LaChaux-de-Fonds,Switzerland
JiuhuiQu StateKeyLaboratoryofEnvironmentalAquaticChemistry,Research
CenterforEco-EnvironmentalSciences,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,
China,[email protected]
Angela Guiovana Rinco´n Division of Engineering and Applied Science,
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,CA,USA,[email protected]
Contributors xi
Manuel A. Rodrigo Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de
Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real, Spain, manuel.
[email protected]
SandraRondinini DipartimentodiChimicaFisicaedElettrochimica,Universita`
degliStudidiMilano,ViaGolgi,19-20133Milan,Italy,[email protected]
PhilippeRychen AdamantTechnologiesSA,LaChaux-de-Fonds,Switzerland
CristinaSa´ez DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,UniversidaddeCastillaLa
Mancha,CampusUniversitarios/n,CiudadReal,Spain
KeithScott SchoolofChemicalEngineering&AdvancedMaterials,Newcastle
University,MerzCourt,NewcastleUponTyne,UK,[email protected]
RobertoM.Serikawa AppliedChemistryLaboratory,EbaraResearchCo.,LTD.,
Honfujisawa,Fujisawa-shi,Japan,[email protected]
Ignasi Sire´s Laboratori d’Electroqu´ımica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient,
DepartamentdeQu´ımicaF´ısica,FacultatdeQu´ımica,UniversitatdeBarcelona,
Mart´ıiFranque`s1–11,Barcelona,Spain,[email protected]
A.Vacca Dip.IngegneriaChimicaemat.,UniversityofCagliari,Cagliari,Italy,
[email protected]
N.Vatistas ChemicalEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofPisaViaDiotisalvi,
Pisa,Italy,[email protected]
Alberto Vertova Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry,
UniversityofMilan,Italy,[email protected]
SiegfriedR.Waldvogel Kekule´-InstituteforOrganicChemistryandBiochemistry,
UniversityofBonn,Bonn,Germany,[email protected]
Huanjun Zhang Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
HongKongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,ClearWaterBay,Kowloon,
HongKong,[email protected]
XuZhao StateKeyLaboratoryofEnvironmentalAquaticChemistry,Research
CenterforEco-EnvironmentalSciences,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,
China,[email protected]