Table Of ContentSPRINGER BRIEFS IN ENERGY
Maxensius Tri Sambodo ·
Ahmad Helmy Fuady ·
Siwage Dharma Negara ·
Felix Wisnu Handoyo · Erla Mychelisda
Electricity
Access and
Community
Welfare in
Indonesia
123
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· ·
Maxensius Tri Sambodo Ahmad Helmy Fuady
· ·
Siwage Dharma Negara Felix Wisnu Handoyo
Erla Mychelisda
Electricity Access
and Community Welfare
in Indonesia
MaxensiusTriSambodo AhmadHelmyFuady
EconomicResearchCenter ResearchCenterforAreaStudies
GedungWidyaGrahaLIPI IndonesianInstituteofSciences(LIPI)
IndonesianInstituteofSciences(LIPI) Jakarta,Indonesia
KotaJakartaSelatan
Jakarta,Indonesia FelixWisnuHandoyo
EconomicResearchCenter
SiwageDharmaNegara GedungWidyaGrahaLIPI
ISEASYusofIshakInstitute IndonesianInstituteofSciences(LIPI)
Singapore,Singapore KotaJakartaSelatan
Jakarta,Indonesia
ErlaMychelisda
EconomicResearchCenter
GedungWidyaGrahaLIPI
IndonesianInstituteofSciences(LIPI)
KotaJakartaSelatan
Jakarta,Indonesia
ISSN2191-5520 ISSN2191-5539 (electronic)
SpringerBriefsinEnergy
ISBN978-981-16-3613-4 ISBN978-981-16-3611-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3611-0
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021
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Singapore
Foreword
SustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)Number7mentions‘Ensureaccesstoafford-
able,reliable,sustainableandmodernenergyforallby2030.’Thisgoalhasavery
importantmeaningformanycountriesfacingthechallengesofaccesstoelectricity,
includingIndonesia.Refertothejointreportof‘trackingSDG7theenergyprogress
report2020’byIEA,IRENA,UnitedNations,WorldBank,andWorldHealthOrga-
nization,saidthatBangladesh,India,Indonesia,andthePhilippinesarewellontrack
toreachfullaccessbefore2030.
However, this projection still needs to be supported by the better performance
ofallpartieswhoareresponsibleforincreasingaccesstoelectricity.Reflectingon
Indonesia’ssuccessstoryinincreasingaccesstoelectricity,itisverygoodtolearn
fromthemanyvaluableexperiencesdiscussedinthisbook.Thisbookrepresentsa
synthesisofresearchfindingsonenergyinremoteruralareasinEastNusaTenggara
(NTT). The locus of the study is the finest example of an underdeveloped area in
easternIndonesiafacingwithseriousenergypovertyproblems.Fortwoconsecutive
yearsofresearch(2013and2014),wetriedtomeasurecarefullytheimpactsofaccess
toelectricityonthepeople’swelfare.Thisbookdiscussessomeprofoundresultsof
afieldresearchtowhichdecisionmakersneedtopaytheirattention.
ThisbookhasbeenpublishedinanIndonesianeditionentitled‘AksesListrikdan
KesejahteraanMasyarakat.’Theauthorsattempttoupdatethedataanddiscussthe
study findings in the context of the current policies. Additional analysis and data
updatingweremadeasrequestedbybookreviewerswhenpublishedintheEnglish
version.Inthisway,thisbookcancomplementthepublicationinIndonesian.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have helped in
preparingandcarryingouttheresearchaswellaswritingthefinalreport.Ourgrati-
tudegoesparticularlytothesubprogramcoordinatorsofcompetitiveresearchactiv-
ities, resource persons, discussants, panelists, and participants in our focus group
discussions or seminars for their valuable feedback and suggestions to make this
v
vi Foreword
study well developed. We hope the book becomes a significant reference to any
policymakers and observers having a particular interest in the electricity sector in
Indonesia.
Jakarta,Indonesia TheResearchTeam
Publisher’s Note
LembagaIlmuPengetahuanIndonesia(LIPI)Press,asascientificpublisher,hasthe
responsibilitytoproducehigh-qualityscientificpublications.Thefulfillmentofthis
statutoryobligationisoneofthepublisher’srolesinpromotingtheeducationaland
intellectuallifeofthenationasmandatedbyPreambleofthe1945Constitution.
This anthology of Electricity Access and Community Welfare presents research
findingsontheimpactsofelectricityaccessonthecommunitywelfareinsomerural
andremoteareasinEastNusaTenggara(NTT)wheretheresearchwasconducted.
Wehopethatthisbookwillaidthereadersinfindingsourcesofinformationon
theimpactsofelectricityaccessonthewelfareofcommunitieslivinginremoterural
areas.Itisofourexpectationthatthisbookwillalsobecomeausefulreferencefor
researchers, policymakers, and observers working in the electricity sector. Finally,
wethankallthosewhomadethispublicationpossible.
LIPIPress
vii
Contents
1 Introduction:AccesstoElectricityandWelfare .................... 1
1.1 Background ................................................ 1
1.2 Framework ................................................. 5
1.3 ScopeandMethodology(inBrief) ............................. 6
1.4 ResearchFindings ........................................... 9
References ...................................................... 10
2 PotentialofEnergyResourcesinEastNusaTenggara ............... 11
2.1 TheEnergySectorinNTTProvince:AnOverview ............... 11
2.2 EnergyPotentialsinNTT ..................................... 13
2.3 KnowingthePotentialandPowerGenerationSourcesinNTT
Province ................................................... 16
2.3.1 FossilPowerPlant .................................... 16
2.3.2 HydroPowerPlant .................................... 17
2.3.3 OceanCurrentPowerPlant ............................. 18
2.3.4 WindPowerPlant ..................................... 19
2.3.5 SolarPowerPlant ..................................... 20
2.3.6 GeothermalPowerPlant ............................... 22
2.3.7 BioenergyPowerPlant ................................. 23
2.4 ConditionofPowerPlantsinManggaraiDistrict ................. 23
2.4.1 EnergyPotentialsandConditioninSatarmese ............. 25
2.5 EnergyPotentialsandUtilizationinWewoVillage ............... 26
2.6 EnergyPotentialsandConditioninLungarVillage ............... 28
2.7 ProfileofElectricityDemandandSupplyintheResearchSites .... 30
2.8 Conclusion ................................................. 31
References ...................................................... 32
3 Political Economy of Geothermal Utilization: Cultivating
thePotentialofUlumbuforWelfareImprovement .................. 35
3.1 Introduction ................................................ 35
3.2 PortraitofDisparitiesinElectricityDevelopments ............... 36
3.3 GeothermalUtilizationinIndonesia ............................ 37
ix
x Contents
3.4 PLTPUlumbuandRegionalGovernment’sHope ................. 41
3.5 Conclusion ................................................. 43
References ...................................................... 44
4 Electricity Access and Community Welfare: A Case Study
ofSatarmese-NTT ............................................... 47
4.1 Introduction ................................................ 47
4.2 ALiteratureReviewonElectricityandCommunityWelfare ....... 49
4.3 DescriptiveStatisticsandEconometricModels .................. 52
4.4 EconometricModel:PanelData ............................... 56
4.5 EstimationResultsofPanelData .............................. 58
4.6 ModelofDifferenceinDifferences ............................ 62
4.7 DirectImpactsofElectricityAccess ............................ 65
4.8 Conclusion ................................................. 66
References ...................................................... 67
5 Epilogue:AgendaforDevelopmentofRuralElectrification ......... 69
5.1 Introduction ................................................ 69
5.2 EvaluatingtheElectrificationPrograms ......................... 71
5.3 AnalyzingtheSuccessandFailureofRuralElectricityPrograms ... 74
5.4 InstitutionalReforms ......................................... 79
5.5 ModelScenariosofOff-GridElectricity ........................ 82
5.6 ElectricityDevelopmentandPovertyReduction .................. 86
References ...................................................... 88
Index ............................................................. 91
