Electrical resistivity handbook

488 Pages·2012·20.909 MB·English

by  Gordon T Dyos, The Institution of Engineering and Technology

Materials and Devices Series 13
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978-1-84919-149-4
Electrical Resistivity.indd 1 06/07/2012 10:23:14
IETMATERIALSANDDEVICES13
The Handbook of
Electrical Resistivity
Othervolumesinthisseries:
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Volume9 ElectricaldegradationandbreakdowninpolymersL.A.Dissadoand
J.C.Fothergill
Volume12 Handbook of microlithography, micromachining and microfabrication,
2volumesP.Rai-Choudhury(Editor)
The Handbook of
Electrical Resistivity
New materials and pressure effects
Edited by
G. Dyos
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
©2012TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
Firstpublished2012
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Contents
Preface vii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 ContinuationoftheElectricalResistivityHandbook 1
1.2 Explanationofthegraphicalformat 1
1.3 Materialclassification 1
1.4 Electronicconductioninsolids 2
1.5 Puremetals 5
1.6 Metallicalloys 6
1.6.1 Dilutealloys 6
1.6.2 Concentratedalloys 7
1.7 Semiconductors 9
1.8 Summary 9
1.9 Abbreviations 10
2 Measurementtechniques 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Fourprobemethods 13
2.3 Temperaturevariationofresistivity 14
2.4 Eddycurrentmethods 15
2.5 Stepfunctionmethods 16
2.6 Periodicallyvaryingfields 17
2.7 Inductivetechniques 20
2.7.1 Self-inductance 20
2.7.2 Mutualinductance 20
2.7.3 Inductivetechniquesandtemperaturevariations 22
3 Explanationofgraphs 25
3.1 Dataanalysis 25
3.2 Cataloguesystemformaterials 25
3.3 Materialcomposition 25
4 Textreferences 27
5 Indexofmaterials 29
vi Thehandbookofelectricalresistivity:newmaterialsandpressureeffects
6 Materialresistivitygraphs 39
6.1 Electricalresistivityasafunctionoftemperature 39
6.2 Electricalresistivityasafunctionoftemperatureandpressure 380
6.3 Resistancemeasurementsasafunctionoftemperatureand
pressure 427
7 Resistivityreferences 461
Preface
Since the publication of the Electrical Resistivity Handbook by the IET, edited by
G.T.DyosandT.Farrellin1992,interestinhigh-temperaturesuperconductivityhas
grown. I was approached and commissioned by the Institution of Engineering and
Technology to produce a further volume covering the electrical resistivity of new
materialsproducedinthelasttwodecadesandtheeffectsofpressureonresistivity.
Iwouldbepleasedtoreceiveanycopiesoforiginalreferencedpapersdescribing
theresistivityofmaterialswhichmightbeofinterestforinclusioninafurthervolume
atalaterdate.
IwouldliketothankmywifeMurielwhohassupportedmeduringthisproject,
oftenonlyseeingmewhenIemergedfromthestudyatmealtimes.AlsoIwouldlike
tothankProfessorJ.LawtonforhissupportandhelpfuldiscussionsandIETstafffor
sortingoutproblemsintheINSPECsearches.
GordonT.Dyos
GTInnovations
YsguborNewydd
Llandrillo,Corwen,UKLL210SY

Chapter 1
Introduction
G. Dyos andT. Farrell
1.1 Continuationofthe ElectricalResistivityHandbook
This volume incorporates two sections dealing with the resistivity of elements,
compoundsandalloysasafunctionoftemperatureandpressureandathirdsection
dealingmainlywiththeresistanceofvariousmaterials.
The compilation of this volume was made easier by the search facilities of the
IET’sINSPECdatabasecontainingsome13millionpapers.Fromwhichtheleading
authorsofapproximately3000paperswerecontactedbyemailandpostalservices.
It was very disappointing that only 35% bothered to reply and some 30 authors
wanted a free copy of the book! It was very much appreciated by the editor for
theplauditsreceivedfromuniversityprofessorsforundertakingthiswork.
1.2 Explanationofthegraphicalformat
Thevastmajorityofthedatapresentedherehasbeengatheredfromtechnicalpapers
publishedinthelasttwodecades. Somegraphicaldata, whichwereincludedinthe
ElectricalResistivityHandbook,havebeenincludedinthisvolume,wheretheycover
alargertemperaturerange.
Thedatahasbeenobtainedfromcopiesofthepertinentpaper, eitheringraph-
ical or in tabular format. In the case of the graphical format, the graphs have
been scanned into the computer and the axes calibrated and the data coordinates
used to produce a graph based on a standard graphical format.The resistivity data
is expressed in units of ohm metre (ohmm)×10−8, temperature in kelvin (K),
pressureingigapascals(GPa)andresistanceinohms.
1.3 Materialclassification
The catalogue system used in this volume is the same as that used in the Electri-
calResistivityHandbook.First,thematerialsarelistedinalphabeticalorder.Where