Table Of ContentELECTRICAL
GENERATION
AND
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
AND POWER QUALITY
DISTURBANCES
2nd
Edition
Edited by Gregorio Romero Rey
Luisa Martinez Muneta
ELECTRICAL GENERATION
AND DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS AND POWER
QUALITY DISTURBANCES
Edited by Gregorio Romero Rey
and Luisa Martinez Muneta
Electrical Generation and Distribution Systems and Power Quality Disturbances
Edited by Gregorio Romero Rey and Luisa Martinez Muneta
Copyright © 2016 ITexLi Second Edition
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First published November, 2011 second 2016
ISBN-10: 953-307-329-2
ISBN-13: 978-953-307-329-3
Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Power Generation and Distribution Systems 1
Chapter 1 Integration of
Hybrid Distributed Generation Units
in Power Grid 3
Marco Mauri, Luisa Frosio and Gabriele Marchegiani
Chapter 2 Optimal Location and Control of Multi Hybrid
Model Based Wind-Shunt FACTS
to Enhance Power Quality 31
Belkacem Mahdad
Chapter 3 Modeling of Photovoltaic Grid Connected Inverters
Based on Nonlinear System Identification for
Power Quality Analysis 53
Nopporn Patcharaprakiti, Krissanapong Kirtikara,
Khanchai Tunlasakun, Juttrit Thongpron,
Dheerayut Chenvidhya, Anawach Sangswang,
Veerapol Monyakul and Ballang Muenpinij
Chapter 4 Reliability Centered Maintenance Optimization
of Electric Distribution Systems 83
Dorin Sarchiz, Mircea Dulau, Daniel Bucur and Ovidiu Georgescu
Chapter 5 Power Quality Improvement by
Using Synchronous Virtual Grid Flux Oriented Control
of Grid Side Converter 113
Vasanth Reddy Bathula and Chitti Babu B.
Part 2 Disturbances and Voltage Sag 137
Chapter 6 Power Quality and Voltage Sag Indices
in Electrical Power Systems 139
Alexis Polycarpou
VI Contents
Chapter 7 Electrical Disturbances from High Speed
Railway Environment to Existing Services 161
Juan de Dios Sanz-Bobi, Jorge Garzón-Núñez,
Roberto Loiero and Jesús Félez
Part 3 Software Tools 183
Chapter 8 Design of a Virtual Lab to Evaluate and Mitigate Power
Quality Problems Introduced by Microgeneration 185
Sonia Pinto, J. Fernando Silva, Filipe Silva and Pedro Frade
Chapter 9 Understanding Power Quality Based FACTS
Using Interactive Educational GUI Matlab Package 207
Belkacem Mahdad and K. Srairi
Chapter 10 A Power Quality Monitoring System Via the Ethernet
Network Based on the Embedded System 231
Krisda Yingkayun and Suttichai Premrudeepreechacharn
Part 4 Industrial Applications 249
Chapter 11 Some Basic Issues and Applications of Switch-Mode
Rectifiers on Motor Drives and Electric Vehicle Chargers 251
C. M. Liaw and Y. C. Chang
Chapter 12 Battery Charger with Power Quality Improvement 291
Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu
Preface
Everything we consume or use requires energy to produce and package, to distribute
to shops or front doors, to operate, and then to be got rid ofi. The global demand for
energy is expected to increase but conventional energy sources are limited and have
carbon emissions to the environment. The utilization of renewable energy sources
such as wind energy, or solar energy, among others, is currently of greater interest.
Nevertheless, since their availability is arbitrary and unstable this can lead to
frequency variation, to grid instability and to a total or partial loss of load power
supply. On the other hand, the presence of a static converter as output interface of the
generating plants introduces voltage and current harmonics into the electrical system
that negatively affect system power quality, which is dealt with in another book. By
integrating distributed power generation systems closed to the loads in the electric
grid, we can eliminate the need to transfer energy over long distances through the
electric grid. Moreover, they are an alternative source of energy to meet rapidly
increasing energy consumption, but they are not appropriate to be directly connected
to the main utility grid.
At the same time, they have led to electrical problems. The non-linear components that
are used in electronic equipment and other charges can considerably affect the
efficiency of an electrical system. An analysis and understanding of the electrical
problems and the damage that can be generated to the systems and infrastructures are
at the focus of attention due to the progress and introduction of digital systems.
Ensuring optimal power quality after a good design and good devices, means
productivity, efficiency, competitiveness and profitability.
In the following chapters the reader will be introduced to different power generation
and distribution systems with an analysis of some types of existing disturbances and a
study of different industrial applications such as battery charges; additionally,
different software tools developed for power quality understanding, evaluation or
monitoring are analyzed. The book is divided into four sections: power generation and
distribution systems, disturbances and voltage sag, software tools, and industrial
applications; a brief discussion of each chapter is as follows.
i Worldwatch Institute.
X Preface
Chapter 1 evaluates the possible drawbacks to power-supply stability and quality
regarding the increasing number of renewable energy sources, both in grid-connected
and stand-alone configurations, in order to prevent possible problems by using a
proper design and management of these generation units. A first solution to a
renewable source equipped with an energy storage system in stand-alone is presented;
secondly, a grid connected application of diffused hybrid generation units comprising
a wind turbine, a photovoltaic generator and a battery bank is analysed. From the
study of both solutions some guidelines for the design of renewable generation units
are obtained, focusing on the aspect that influences the power quality of the electrical
system. Chapter 2 studies a combined flexible wind source-based model, considered as
not having the capability to control voltages, and shunt Flexible AC Transmission
Systems (FACTS) devices. This model is proposed to dynamically adjust the active
power delivered from the wind source and the reactive power exchanged between the
shunt FACTS and the network to enhance power quality. To do this, dynamic shunt
compensators (STATCOM) modelled as a Solar Photovoltaic (PV) node are used to
control the voltage by a flexible adjustment of the reactive power exchanged with the
network. Chapter 3 presents the modelling and simulation of PV-based inverter
systems. PV based-operating conditions are concerned with the real situation, such as
the input effects of radiation and temperature on voltage and PV current and load and
grid variation. In order to build models for nonlinear devices without prior
information, system identification methods are set out, using only measured input and
output waveforms to determine the model parameters by a Hammerstein-Wiener
nonlinear model system identification process. After obtaining appropriate models, an
analysis and prediction of power quality is carried out, taking account of steady state
and transient condition from different scenarios. Chapter 4 presents a mathematical
model of external interventions upon a system henceforth called Renewal Processes. It
has been done after basic research in the field of operational research and maintenance
management, with contributions and applications in optimization strategies of
Reliability Based Maintenance (RCM) for Electrical Distribution Systems (EDS). These
are performed in order to reduce the life-cycle cost of the electrical installations and
prevent maintenance strategies belonging to RCM and solve the technical and
economic objectives of the exploitation of distribution systems and systems that use
electrical energy. Chapter 5 introduces the Distributed Power Generation System
(DPGS) as an alternative source of energy to meet rapidly increasing energy
consumption, but not suitable to be connected directly to the main utility grid. In the
chapter a virtual grid flux oriented vector control (outer loop controller) is proposed
together with three different types of current controllers (inner current loop) -
hysteresis current controller, current regulated delta modulator and modified ramp
type current controller - focusing on DC link voltage control, harmonic distortion,
constant switching frequency and the unity power factor operation of the inverter.
While the inner control loop controls the active and reactive grid current components,
the outer control loop determines the active current reference by controlling the direct
voltage.
Preface XI
Chapter 6 presents different types of Power Quality disturbances (Voltage sag,
Interruption, transient overvoltage, swell, Harmonic issues and voltage imbalance)
and presents statistical voltage sag indices used for the characterization and
assessment of power quality, highlighting their importance. Furthermore, a
mathematical voltage sag indice applicable to power quality improvement through
optimization techniques is developed and verified. Finally, the impact on the voltage
profile of heavy induction motor load switching is predicted, and the possibility to
mitigate potential power quality violations before they occur is created. Chapter 7
presents a description of the disturbance problem existing in high speed lines and why
it is important to detect and apply measures in order to mitigate or eliminate those
effects, providing some guidelines in order to lessen the effects that disturbances can
cause on conventional DC lines. Described next is the methodology used to measure
the effect of the disturbances in conventional facilities and equipment, and some
results from real measurement campaigns are shown to enhance the understanding of
the disturbances.
Chapter 8 develops a virtual Low Voltage (LV) grid laboratory to evaluate some
power quality indicators, including power electronics-based models to guarantee a
more realistic representation of the most significant loads connected to the LV grid.
The simulated microgenerators are represented as Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) and
may be controlled to guarantee near unity power factor (conventional mG), local
compensation of reactive power and harmonics (active μG). By comparing the results
obtained by using conventional μG, it is shown that active μG have the capability to
guarantee an overall Power Quality improvement, allowing a voltage Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD) decrease and Power Factor increase. Chapter 9 presents an
interactive educational tool using graphic user interface-based Matlab, which has been
developed to carry out comprehensive studies on FACTS devices, to understand the
basic principle of FACTS devices, and to determine the role that FACTS technology
may play in improving power quality. By using this tool, the user understands the
effects of the introduction of different FACTS devices like shunt Controllers (SVC,
STATCOM), series Controllers (TCSC, SSSC) and hybrid Controllers (UPFC) on a
practical network under normal and abnormal situations. The problems of power
quality concerned with either voltage or current frequency deviation have increasingly
caused a failure or a malfunction of the end user equipment; for this reason, Chapter
10 develops the idea of a power quality monitoring system via the Ethernet Network
based on the embedded system with two selected ARM7 microcontrollers, which is
analyzed so as to have the power quality monitoring done fluidly and completely.
Finally, experimental results are shown displaying the fault signals from AC lines
while being in operation or the process being done afterwards.
Chapter 11 presents the basic issues of switch-mode rectifiers for achieving better
performance. After the introduction of the commonly referred harmonic standard, the
possible power factor correction approaches are described to comprehend their
comparative features, with special interest in the operation principle and some key
