Table Of ContentAbout the Edifor. Honoured Scientist and Engineer of the
RSFSR,D ocfor of Sciences, Honorary Doclor of the Dres- --\,^ ,A A
'
den University, Professor Valenlin Andreevich Venikov
was born in 1912 in Nizhni Novgorod (now Gorky). He
graduated,from lhe Moscow Power Engineering Institule
in 1935 and received the Candidale (Ph.D.) degree in
1940, lhe D.Sc. degree and the title of Professor in 1953.
Professor V. A. Venikov is fhe author of fundamental
works in lhe field of physical simulafion, stability and :i.
application of cybernelic methods for eleclric power sys-
tem analysis and synlhesis. He enjoys wide popularily
I
bolh among the USSR and foreign engineers and scien-
lisls as enterprising organizer of new and perspeclive in-
vesligations.
: : i } : . Al presenl he heads lhe department of Electiical Sys-
. lems, and. is lhe research supervisor in lhe .laborator-y of
Electrical. Systems at ,the- Moscow Power Engineeling
Insiitufe. i ' .
'iThe
department headed by Professor V. A. Venikov
hai become fhe school bf thought not only for future scien-
lists, buf also for skilled..s pecialists. Under his guidance,
more fhan 100 theses for Ca-rdidale and Doctor's degree
have been successfully compleled:, He has prep.ared
original lecture courses in "Transient Phenomena in'Elec-
lrical Power Syslems", "Tileory of Similerity and Simula-
lion with Appticalion lo Froblems", "Cybernelics in Elec-
lrical Power Syslems", "Cybernetics'and Aulomafic Control :
: vEEtr wtttlEtt, wlttgtt rir?ysr! trtE tttcl|tt pr(,lJtgms oI rnl5
,.,., . praclical invesfigations of , large power sysfems, lgng
stafions. ,l ,::.
The scienfif!c, educalional, and public activities of
" j Prof. Venikov has also beijn highly appreciafed. He has
been awarded fhe Order of Lenin, three Orders of
Honour, and Medals.
-il
. '' .1t:7 -: - f,]bdRoecke-n-f,ly;.#.*,hfet hi;ra; sJ iJr$'b'Jn ;,u *urd;e;d;" 1a St;q;f.e; Prizet;;f;o;r; ;,ih.e
MiR PUBLISHEP.S
Automatic
PoweSr ystemC ontrol
'Ed
General' itor:
Prof. V.A.V ENIKOV,D .Sc.( Tech.)
Translated lrom th,eR ussian
bA Y. M. Matskovsky
MIR PUBLISHERS
!/i. MOSCOW
)
I
Bor4aror B. A., Beuuxon B.A., Jlyrrancxltfifl. H.. 9enns f- A
t -l --- - _ _-_
AJIEIIT P?IIIECHI4E C?ICT EM bI
AsrolrarnarrpoBatEhre cncTeMnry lpaBJrenr{ff
pe}I(lrMalru aEeprocncTert{ Contents
-L
EHI{KOBA
Blrcnraq urKoJIa, Mocnna
First publtshed 1982
Reuiseclf rorn the 79?9 Russian ed,ition
Preface
Introduction
The Greek Alphabet tl
Ao. Alpha I r, Iota Pp Rho
B p Beta K x Kappa ) o Sigma ll,
12
I1 Gamma A I Lambda Tr Tau
A 6 Delta Mp Mu I u Upsilon 1,4
E e Epsilon Nv Nu A qr Phi {6
Z E Zeta Et xi X1 Chi t7
OH0qO TE'htaeta fOIn o POimicron QlI 'Uco OPmseiga BIJ:l"f r*:ll"*"t"1T",+:*- :Hgt andQ. uariivo' i boppry: : : 2t8t
vvlvrvr qlru ruD Ialslts 24
Review Questions 27
Chapter I
Large Energy systems. Theory . of Management and contror 28
Ha au,enuilcnon n,ablne
t1..z7. . YGaennaesrga*l r.ni 'and' corrtrot 'oi .iru.r=.r,r*gy'sysiem 'nxpaosioo' .od 28
. Operation
111...315.r. . CPcooonwndterirto ilo InSnsdy us9tset!r myit sreC "vcboe"rrn"e"itpictsion'oi nleciricai 'E;.rgy : : : : : 433336
DR e^*v,;i^e,,w, rQi-u.^e-'s: ti^o--n -s 4547
Chapter 2
Power System Managemenf and Control
56
@@ ?ElnagnalirsehJ rtbrcarnBsol< aBtinocnt,I raMqi rr upnounbalils, helgr7sg, lgg2 232.. ?13.. lGlle*n*e*r,a:l:.^C"o*ngtvro t"gotp1 oaw'reir,',$il,"j..inrl?' .;g'fru;;r;u"itio;o 5586
2.4. *Euctoonmomditcic D ispatch State of Operation 61
72
6
2.5. Pcoonwtreorl F olof wl{so rmal operation of power system.s w : -it:h-. -F r.e""e. T -.i e".-"L:i ne Ts Chapter 7
2.6. Control of Normtl- operation of Power-Sysiems'withc ontroliaite I Use of Digital Computers in Dispatch Control of Power Systenrs B0g
Tie-line Porver_F lorvs 'r"t-ri.oa"u"t.d'power'
3.3.Y :lg_g"_. 9:,t'gl i" rvri*b'r,..'9i dyrt"rr,. eo:e 7.1. General B0g
: 2&Sowqls+stem Managemenata ae o"+-roti ajtre bo.iid ffi;":j;;"+t* I 7.2. Information: Its Formats, InpuL, Output and SLorage 316
ll o^ IlI.ETren-od.fs ".*.I... .::._. 'soviet' 103 7.3. Data Processing. Central Processing Unit JZ2
2.9. grganizat_ion oirputcit controi i.r'the rjnion . : : : li8 I 7.4. Computer Speed 3Bb
Review Questions . . . . .-. .--. ."."': : : : : IZ2 7.5. Channels. Operating System. Data Management J4l
7.6. Mini-Computers Bb6
Review Questions 3G0
Chapter 3
Data Display Facilities of AutomatedD ispatehc ontrol systems t24 Chapter 8
3.1.[sqal Displays. Means and Methods 124 EmergencyC ontrol of Power Systems 361
3.2.QurRr rT IrSnppuur[_--Ouuuttppuutt DU rissppllaayy UUnniittss {30
3.3. _DDDaattaaa t aDDD iiisssnppllalaavy y SSSvyyssstteemmss eatt -CCo,nnntfrnonl Centres 150
Review Que!tioirs 157
Chapter4
Computersi n Power System Control 158
4.1,. General r58 Review Questions 439
4.?. Qo"tputing_Centerosf power Dispatching Offices 160
4.3. Real-time Computer Systems 166
*.!. 9oryputilg^ Equipment at power srarions and substations . : . 180 Bibliography MO
4.5. system Effectivenessa t plants and ways to Improve IT : . t89
Review Questions 190 Index 44r
Chapter 5
Coiieciion and Transmissiono f Information in ADCS 192
5.1.Communication Channels. General 192
5.2.Multichannel Pulse-coded Modulation Telecontroi Devices 203
5.3.Information Accuracy 22,1,
5.4.Data Transmission Systems 223
5.5.LoprJt, Storage_a nd Processing of Teleinformation 238
Review Questions 252
Chapter 6
Analog computers and Their Application in power Industry zsz
Prefoce
From the book: insAtanll eantieorngsy ts hyastt epmro vide .r oisr rar rcro.rmrnprlcew xit ohf de'sl'ihgenro e_a fr_em maannayg oermgeacnnotin ztarotilo snyssi nte tmhissi n c goruenatrt vya wrhieictyh. dSeuaclh w siyths tethmes
heat, light.and power. It may also be. re_ are vitally important in power industry since it uses energy produc-
ferred to as a general energy system, or tion and consumption_ p ro-c_essoefs c omplex and continujus nature,
as an energy supply system. Energy sys_ and consistso f hundredso f big utilities ipread over a vast territory.
rpteelyms psoe ffc eteaivnteue rrlege yva et olhs i etharerae r cerhneitscirpaeol snctosuiubcntleutr rfyeo, r w tohs ouaspne_ sqP- eooTsYw hogenirsr i Stnbhd-eoyu ossdktteer,y smw,i gshan"iwnc, 1 dhinl lwd_isi p l plrt _hoapevlesi dsroaee st vieaoer ntnvoe etfxha tvm s of aaol unru amssgeteuef udomlef re entnhfttesec rt oaetnrkneticrnaeogtf ]io sbsre"yae "ssnEtiegclem ioncosetr ueiinrcr-s.
area, a large load centre,o r to an indivi_ dealing with the associatedp roblems.S uch specialists,w ho riay be
dual industrial undertaking.. . called powers ystemc yberneticists,m ust famiiiarize themselves# ittr
various subject-matters,i ncluding major power industry production
processesa nel_m odern methods of their managementl nd control,
and this book coversa great deal of the to-p ics concerned.
Thus the audience for this book will include relatively broad
sections of readers, and the material offered is divided inlo eight
chapters concentrically, as in the caseo f the other volumes of Ihe.
treatise. For instance, Introduction deals with general concepts,
which are treated in more detail in Chapters1 und"2 . On the other
hand, basic problemsa ssociatedw ith powers ystem managementa nd
control are dealt with in Chapters I and 2 and are then"elaboratecl
in Chapters 3-7.
Chapters I and 2 cover the sp_ecificf eatures of modern power"
systemst reated as large and rapidly developings ystemso f cyierne-
tic nature. Here an_a ttempt is made to formulate-major tasks to be
tackled in controlling the operating conditions of interconnected
power systemsa nd to describet echnico-economiacs pectsc oncerned
rvith automated_meanfso r power system managementa nd control.
Chapters 3-7 deal with various contr_oel quipilents, including di-
gital and analog computers,t elecontrol and communicationsf icili-
ties designedt o gather, transmit and display conbrold ata. chapter &
10 Prefacc
gives a thorough discussion of systems engineering and cybernetic
aspects of emergency control schemesu sed to control operating con- Introdu ction
ditions of modern power systems.
The bibliography at the end of the book will lead the reader to
_- i eertain ad-ditionaf sources; i
'
i For the first time the book tries to discuss the material concer- i
ning power system managementa nd control problems jointly and
.systematically,a nd the authors beg to be excusedf or any errors
that might have crept in inadvertently. Suggestionsf or improving
the book will be highly welcome.
The authors also wish to thank Jacob i{. Luginsky for tireless
and painstaking scientific revision of the trnglish version of the
-book'Isn trodnctiona nd ChaptersL ,2,3,4,6.4 and 8.
l.l. BasicC onceptsa nd Definifions
Authors
This books urveyst he applicationso f variousc ybernetica nd mathe-
matical modelling techniquesf or certain problems concernedw ith
the control of operating conditions for large power systems and, in
partioular, with the dispatchc ontrol of such systems. Before speak-
ing of the managementa nd control of the present-dayp ower indu-
stry, it is necessaryto give a more detailed explanation for someo f
the basic conceptsd ellt with in the six previous books comprising
the treatise "Eleotric Power Systems".
- An energys ystem,a s may be recalled, is a complex of installations
that provide consumersw ith heat, Iight and power. It may also be
referredt o as a generale nergys ystem,o r as an energys upply system.
Energy systems feature a hierarchical structure wfrose r-espective
larrolq utrrav rrvovcln,vnunucrishrlva ^fnvnr pqurrlrrlr/rrrJl -t nvrf ^sr-r^e-rnSrry *un( , +uJll-u^ t^i*II+t;J-l^It i v^u^.u-r$IU+-I -- y , +u^(,
an area, a large load centre, or to an individual industrial und-erta-
king. The nation-wide level is representedb y a united pouer grid,. An
interconnectede nergy system is associatedw ith an aiea comprising
several districts, and a regi,onale nergy system,w ith one region only-.
An energy system is call ed autonomlus when no links to connect
it urith other systems are available.
Associatedw ith energys ystemsa re all processesin volving produc-
tion, conversion, distribution and usageo f all types of energy re-
sources,i ncluding the initial stage of resourcese itraction anA the
final stage of energy use. Thus energy systemsc onstitute the basis
for the developmento f the power industry as a whole, and the pro-
biems that apply to the control of such systems,c alled sometimes
Iargg energ! systems( LESs) are the subjects being taught herein.
The LESs include such constiLuentsa s power systemi which in
turn comprise electricity and heat supply systems. Other consti-
tuents of the LESs are oil, gas and coal supply systemsa nd nuclear
powe_rs ystems,w hich are being developed.T he individual energy
supply systems are growing into an integrated super-system whiih
lrl
a1 Inlroducllon Introduction 1g
may be called an interbranchf . uer-and,-eryercgoam prex.T his is mainly ene-rgyb alance is a vital characteristic of the continuously growing
due to the fact that different forms of dnergy and differenr types fuel-and-energy complex whose main components and links consti-
of energy resourcesa re being utilized within the framework of the tute an energy system.
national econ_omays interchgngeablqi teus. The unjts oi ih. pr.r"ot The growth of the power indur
OoufsTd epfcting the diatttah C;niiol of power systemsm ust be tre- which is related to the amount of
ated, therefore,i n connectiottw ith the desiription of thoses ubsystems ment. This quantity may be definr
whi9,ha re part of a large energy system and which interact with one utilized by machines, devices and
anolner. Iabor. The fact that our century sr
An energy system and the fuel-and-e'ergy complex have many discipline-electric automation-is due to the increased amount of
of both the entitiei to the national energy available to industry and e
rct that the country's key branches tion of electrical energy and the
energyc omplex as their foundation The early development work in t
:eof.I n leading countriest he deve- cial-purpose cybernetic machines
mplex requires approximately one supersedeh ard manual labour. Rec
ent and from 15 to 20 per cent of develop-ment of such devices which could be substituted for many
lypes of noncreative mental work. Thus, the conditions under which
Individual energy suppry systemsi ncorporatedi n a rarge energy both manual labour and mental work are armed with u*gt favolr
system may also be treated as large syste?ns. the application of cybernetic methods.
, we mly sny, therefore, that the availability of energy for all
1.2.A n Oulline of Trendsi n the power Industry kuisnedss' iso fa hnu immapno ratacn[itv ictiheasr,a icntcelruisdtiincg o fL shoec einael rdgeyv neeloc^petmos s.tarir.y fIot r dheotmere-
There are three aspectsc oncernedw ith expansion and operation, mines and reflects lot only the economic but also, u certain ex-
of energv svstemr;..H1"iog_r ather distinci fil;;;;, ;h;y seem to tent, the cultural level of that development.
encounters ome difficulties both_i n the present-duyr it,ruiion and in ^ A large energy system is characterized by the following specific
the future. The Jirst aspect- technico-ttiiiii,r-coocerns the impro- features:
vement of existing.equip_menat ncl designo f which (1) An indivisible material ensemble of energy systems whose
:-".yld.: lfer econo mi es. The .seco nd mprEt- so c "i.o ;-; ;d;,iepi-ir i"i ti int, _de ars integrity is determined by internal links and by ifre ptoa"cts inter-
wrulr tre ractrorso y wllrch the power industry tends to influence so- ^v.rl.r^o-^.^_^I*-5iIi,+'-d. .r,,rrrr:.ur-r y s^-u-Lr^J--s-ry s^r-e--f l-t sa noI separa.te components.
pciraisl easn adn pdo ilnitdicuaslt rpiarol cdeisstsriebsui,nt icolnu doirfg "w iolrr;k;iidnign pg6 pouf laintaioutsr toroia tlh een ntear-- (es(p2e) -Pciraoldlyu ecltesc tvreicrasal teilniteyr giyn aanndd ilmiqpubidr tafnuceel) ,t ow thhiceh n aintivoontavle se cao ngoremayt
zcolog ical- concernst he biosphere, number of external links.
s causedb y the power industry. (3) Ilt active influence upon the development and distribution
system as a means providing the of productive forces.
of energy, it is feasible to i-ntro- . (4) Continuity in time for most processes connected with produc-
rergy suppliesb y which an entity tion and utilization. 9f energy. T[is requires that energy and fuel
of power installations which ar-e users.b e incorporated in the system structure,-the systeri" operating
consumers'l oad. Thus the term conditions be maintained through the use of efficieni controi -ru"r]
country's fuel and energy supplies can betused-;; ;"-;q;ivalent of un{.su-pply of fuel be ensured on aclequate and operational basis.
the term fuel-and-energy ro-pl.* (5) Prevention of s_eparates election of the effici.irry u"J parame-
.41y .ene_rqsyy stem shbuld ble characterized by an energa balance ters for the individual components, and links without ih, f""-ework
which is defined as the ratio of e-nergt;;;;r"t6a [o ;;;;sy consu_ of their proposed usage i1 ihe system; significant importu"ce-ol prr-
med, with energy lossesb eing taken-inio urro"nt. Here, they are spective planning and designing large energy systems as a single
consideredi n time, territoriar and i"d"slrial terms-pr#iara that entity.
the optimal transfer of all forms of r"rrgl, ,"rrgi-...o11116 i, (6) Comple{ structures of systems becauseo f their large size which
ensuredf rom stageso f their extractiot,-flior"c"sas ing,-i,i"".rrion and results from the fact that they are formed as unified nation-wide
transportation to stageso f their distribuiion, storagea nd use. The systems or systems belonging to a group of adjacent countries.
!=1: :r 1,:
1+ inirociucfi on 15
Energy systems tructure, ,;";,'uurrr.ntiated by the types of and territorial factors of the power industry are critical in terms of
energy sourcesu tilized by the systems. its improvement_ and expansion. Energy system management and
Physico-technical considerations are applicable when treating control has the objective of obtaining such a performance level which
energy systemsa sl arge ones.I n this case,a ttention should be focused qlost nearly qpprggch the e,riteria set down Jor effectiveness. This
on the inVdstigation of the natufe of the material links obseftdd in
electrical, gas- and oil-supply networks. On the other hand, econo-
mic approachc an be employedi n the casew heret he material connec-
tions are mainly describedi n terms of the purely information-orien-
ted indicators. The physico-technicala pproachi s used most advan-
tageously in solving problems concernedw ith the operational con- system optimization, a technique used to decide on the viable solu-
trol of systemsp roduction processesw, hile the economic approach tion in a defined set of possible solutions concerning further deve-
successfullyh andlest he problems associatedw ith the management Iopm_ent; and optimization completion, a techniqut usecl to carry
and control of systemsg rowth and expansion. out the solution.found hy system optimization. The sequence of step"s
It is important to stresst hat physico-technicaal nd economicp ara- in which effective managemcnt and con[rol actions are achieved
meters of energys ystemsa re closely interrelated. An energy system will be:
has cybernetic features,w hich meanst hat deep-lyingf eedbackp aths _ (t) choice_of optimum rates and proportions concerning the deve-
exist in it. This requirest hat all subsystemsin corporatedi n a given lopment of the fuel-and-energy complex embracing the .,n--itedp ower
system be treated as a single complex. The working and control grid and its subsystems;
functions being performedi n an energys ystemo n a continuousb asis
combine the activities of human operatorsa nd those of control devi-
cesi ncluded in the feedbackc ontrol loop. There is a certain relation-
ship betweene nergys ystemo perationc ontrol and energys ystemp lan-
ning control.
The treatment of a large energys ystema s a global systemr eveals _ The end-product obtained frgT an energy system is the net energy
itself chiefly in social aspects.I ndeed, the supply of energy differs by which is meant the energy_delivered io useis after the processirig",
considerablyf rom one country to another, and this accountsf or a conversion, transportation and storage of required energy rbsources to
tremendousg ap betweent heir levels of economica nd cultural deve- cover the users' requirement.
llnivnrinnogn f in dTte vice rLl\uonvYnprrrrix nrng c fvhrorqouuf nts5vrO ie lrs,rvro c ro nvnvorrsun uf mnvrf e n +vlohv ot movuorvorrr. rfhet etu h fawnvunfqor l7 lpn/vnle,urrrrqrv crrvluoe*nintn of exTtehnet pteor fworhmicahn cteh eo fa avna ielanbelreg ye snyesrgteym r emsaoyu rbcees c ahraer abcetienrgiz eudt ilbizye da.n
the energy obtained from all world energy sourcesa vailable. The The latter comprise the natural sources and stores of diffeient forms
consumptiono f electrical energy in 43 countriesh aving 30 per cent of energy, both detected and evaluated, which can be utilized on a
of the earth's total population amountst o 90 per cent of the world's
electrical energy consumption, while the remaining countries with
70 per cent of the earth's population consume the remaining
10 per cent. Assessedin terms of per-capitae nergy consumption,t he
differencei s representedb y the ratio of 1:50 for all energy sources
and by the ratio of 1:1000 for electrical energy (for example,
t5 000 kW h per capita in Norway and 15 kW h per capita in some
African countries).
such as coal, oil, natural gas, and combustible shale.
1.3.M anagementa nd Conlrol ol EnergyS yslems As to the extent of exploration, the reserves of minerals can be
and Usageo f EnergyR esources classified into the following three groups: A-actual reservesi B-
probable reserves; and C-projected reserves. It is necessary to diffe-
The purpose-orienteda nd optimizing effectso f a large man-made rentiate between projected (usable) energy resources and their eco-
system upon an energy'systemc onstitutest he core of energys ystenr nomic potential. The projected reserves also include such minerals
managementa nd control. The control tasks involving all'temporal whose extraction is unlikely to be practicable under the existing
16 iniroo'uciionl inti'oo'ueiio" iT
conditions. The concept of equivalent fuel provides the basis of from the GOELRO plqn. f t was at that time (the year LgzO)t hat the
comparison for different types of energy resourcesa nd their effecti- world's first integrated plan was drawn up to p-erolevcidtreif ifcoart itohne. econo-
venoss. mic developmento f the country on the basis of At the
,I . T4g-projp.cledIu eI rcseweso f t l same.t iPe, tle G.OELROp lan_.ailvanget4h e idea of unifving the
] available in the Soviet Union. The world's extractabl6r eservesa mol i tional economya s a whole.
unt to 3_.11X lOe tons, 55 per oent being available in the Soviet |; ^ Tlus_-th.em €n-agemenlo f the present-dayp ower industry in the
Unio^9.,g qter reserves,e stimated to bJ equivalent to 7 500 x Soviet Union is basedo n tho integratedp olitical and eoonoiio prin-
X 100 kWh per year, are available; this filure is 1.5 tines the ] oiples, including the planned natue of the national eeonomy a-nd a
aPount ot_elec_triceanl ergyg enoratodin 1970[ y all electrios tations i systems_a nalysis approach to managemonta nd control pr-obloms;
of the world. -Commercially usable water reservls of the Soviet Uni- i tbc combined branch-wise and territorial types of manage-nen1a nd
ou would.yield more than { 700 x t08 kW h per year. Energy sys- the.h ierarchicalp rinciple of,e nergys ystem_controla; nd ihe conside-
terns,u tilize tn'o types.o f fuel such as energi-pr6duoinef u|i ujed i the environ{ental eJfe-9tcsa. usedb y the power inalustry,
bbyy eelleeccttrrr'll ssttaattiioonnsi ianndd IIaarrggee bbooiilleerr iinnssttaallllaatiioionnss ttoo ppr.o6dau""c.e .eil"e"e- - |i "PP*oo\tll:llulu.totiiofo nn ccoo.nnttrrooll eeqquuiippmmeennt t iiss ffiinnddiinngg ggr"oowwiinngg application iinn ithhee
tncal- and thermal energy; and commercial fuel used by industrial i modern _wo:Ig.a 1. a last ra-to and requires consid"epriali"baleti ocanp ital in-
installations, including turnaces and ovens, and by coking pr;ce;. I v€stment. Pollution eontrol problems_ must be solved, thereiore, by
The -usage-ofe nergyr esourcesm ay be estimated in tei-i ottn" the.p ower engineersw ho develop and operatee nergy systemsa ni
coofficient of extraction of the potential resourcos. It is defined by i th9ir. comlonents, such as electric stations, substat'ions-a nd trans-
the ratio of the total amount of i given enerEyr esourceb eing drawn I mission lines'
upon under existing technological conditions to the potential-reserve
ll l,1il;""""i"^"-""l_1";^ "_lh:_!1"-!_l"l.- .",T "l* madeo f rhec oofficient ] r.r. Ecotogyalir nr dpr eonwr' erIr rnrrd'rurtetry
of utilization of energy resources by energy-consumins processes in
various industries and the national econom'ya s a whol-e.T-h e coeffi- J ,.fng modern_a pproacht o pollution control reguirest hat all reme-
cient of utilization is the product of the efficienoies oI inilividual i dies be -organic components of power engineering installations and
processss comprising aII stages that begin at the extraition of a I lot auxiliary means added to them after their coustruction. This is
giYsp€n_e o _eemnnn aeeyrrgg ''cyyrlo €s€snoocuulrurc.dceee , aa tnnhdde rtteeermfomirniena,a tett-h eaii nnt ttlhhaeerg- uui€ ,ssheeeo oonsffee ttr hhgeey pp-siroyosddtuueocmeesdd i eennnveeorrlggieyy .. III vddeuuaeer tt)oo o fi"n invcacrerreiaoasusisnin,gpg o oowvveeerrr aaellnll giinninssettaaellrlleeinddg -ccineespptaaa-cllc]atltyiiyo ((n88s ttooo f {{t00h exx w o11r001rrl ,kk WWw hippceehrr
different types of energyr esouroes,i. e. eirergy carriers that I co":19s^3"nually rot less.than-6--to 7 X {0r tons of equivalent
cover existing and will cover further nesdso f the naiional eoooo-y. I 9,0"1( 7000 kcavkg), to produce different forms of energy.'I ndeerl,
Any energy system is associated with the ertraction, preparatioi, I the action elerted by th-e power io-dq!"v on the environment is
proc€ssing, ,conversion,t ransportation, storage and osir oi eoergy i comm€nsurate in, terms !{ ngwer wi-th life events,b oth geophysical
carriers and also the reooveiy of all seoond."ary ; and,geological, that could change the face of ths earth.
These,processes,w hich greatly influence energytsy"sot"etgdy"o. p"e".roauti"o"n"-a."l . The overall .energy selsnrnltion in the world is continuously
nnd planning problems, are ihe subjects prei6nt6d in tde g-wehniecrha i i increasing,. It is, reasonable, therefore, to -sxppose that the energ!
theoretical courss in -energy systems (power engineering), produced..by.world power instal-lations would ieach a value commei--
involves a numler of 4isciplines concerning specifi-c subsyiiems ancl surate with.the.energy received by the earth from thg sun. Though
their associated problems. at present, the former is several hundredth per cont of the latter, it"
neverthelesse, xerts a considerablee ffect on the olimate, especially
l'4. Large EnergyS yslemsa nd the GOELRO+ Plan in areasw ith intensee lectricity suDply.I n sucha reas,t hb biospheri
'
, - rhes eeolniadt ro rt hetw enriectehn rus.raywt h € atlveonrte nergy l'3"0"i tT:'rt.:XJl'"1-#i;ff1t;#l?"i.lli
i I svste-mi-qw, hiehh ave beel Srowing- in recent decade:in to.Iar"ge perc entf or d":* i*ifuiaiio* si"i"g: t-p:re.r.'i""r"i-l"o:"t.i|ll}?'".o;rtoJ-ltlrgtg
,;, 'l t :o{f'l ft:h1e'^ p3o-"w:.e:-ir"n :"d.uTs:.tlrTya. ril tt'h,\A'jle gnj,t*iltfig ciio!.i:pl risingTt "j"9g*e, p 1yhsett r"e-sas tmGeLi.t I n;;oq,.i;o; u. ii*;"i";ihr";t;i;;i;i;l#F;i;;;;;r;;i'i.;'sfsfie;isli l;i""'i"tat1 di uot o heatinstr h''se w waatterer,r s'oir
t
prectrirication
i c..,1#L"""?'il",dran'ror orR uisaiat raptbeviti hl ps oviei i ,fi":tJT":1"fiTt'li*:'1""$#it"t?ili"ll"*g,t'#:lt:iiil:f3;
2-052
