Table Of ContentElastomer Blends and
Composites
Elastomer Blends and
Composites
Principles, Characterization, Advances,
and Applications
Edited by
Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa
Senior Research Scientist, King Mongkut’s University of Technology
North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai
Associate Professor, Department of Science, Faculty of Science & Technology,
Alliance University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Suchart Siengchin
President, King Mongkut’s University of Technology,
North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Thailand
Togay Ozbakkaloglu
Professor, Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University,
San Marcos, TX, United States
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Contents
Contributors xiii
Preface xvii
1. Introduction to elastomers 1
JyotishkumarParameswaranpillai, C.D.MidhunDominic, SanjayMavinkere
Rangappa,SuchartSiengchinandTogayOzbakkaloglu
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Vulcanization/cross-linking in elastomers 2
1.3 Elastomeric composites and blends 2
1.4 Recent developments in elastomeric blends and composites 3
1.5 Conclusion 6
Acknowledgments 7
References 7
2. Manufacturing methods of elastomer blends and composites 11
M. Ramesh,D.Balaji, L.RajeshkumarandV.Bhuvaneswari
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Preparation techniques 13
2.3 Conclusion 29
References 29
3. Elastomer-based blends 33
AswathyJayakumar,SabarishRadoor, JyotishkumarParameswaranpillai,E.K.
Radhakrishnan,InduC.NairandSuchartSiengchin
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Compatibilization of elastomer-based blends 34
v
vi Contents
3.3 Impact of nanofillers on elastomer-based blends 34
3.4 Fabrication methods of elastomers 35
3.5 Processing and characterization methods of
elastomers-based blends 35
3.6 Properties of elastomers-based blends 36
3.7 Applications of elastomer-based blends 36
3.8 Conclusion 41
References 41
4. Elastomer-based filler composites 45
S.N. VasanthaKumar andP.C.Sharath
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Preparation and properties of fillers 46
4.3 Conclusions and perspectives 52
References 53
5. Engineering applications of elastomer blends and composites 57
NagaSrilathaCheekuramelli, DattatrayaLate,S.Kiranand
BaijayantimalaGarnaik
5.1 Introduction 57
5.2 Elastomer blends and composites processing methods 58
5.3 Elastomer blends and composites engineering applications 62
5.4 Conclusion 76
Acknowledgments 77
References 77
6. Rheology of elastomer blends and composites 83
MariacristinaGagliardi
6.1 Introduction 83
6.2 Basic aspects of rheology 84
6.3 Basic key terms 85
Contents vii
6.4 Rheological models 86
6.5 Newtonian fluids (viscous liquids) 86
6.6 Non-Newtonian fluids 88
6.7 Conditions affecting the rheological properties of materials 89
6.8 Effect of temperature 90
6.9 Effect of the system structure at the micro-/nano-scale 90
6.10 Applied rheology in elastomers, blends, and composites
thereof 91
6.11 Static versus dynamic rheological tests 92
6.12 Laboratory tests and instrumentations 96
6.13 Cone-and-plate rheometer 97
6.14 Capillary viscometer 97
6.15 Mooney viscometer 97
6.16 Constitutive rheological models 98
6.17 Uncured rubber melts 98
6.18 Elastomer blends 100
6.19 Elastomer composites 101
6.20 Conclusions 101
References 102
7. Morphological characteristics of elastomer blends and
composites 103
A.V.Kiruthika
List of abbreviations 103
7.1 Introduction 103
7.2 Morphology 104
7.3 Effect of plant fiber-reinforced elastomer composites 117
7.4 Effect of synthetic fiber-reinforced elastomer composites 120
7.5 Conclusions 121
References 122
viii Contents
8. Mechanical behavior of elastomer blends and composites 127
G.RajeshkumarandS.ArvindhSeshadri
8.1 Introduction 127
8.2 Mechanical behavior of elastomer blends 128
8.3 SMP of elastomer blends 128
8.4 DMP of elastomer blends 133
8.5 Mechanical behavior of elastomer composites 136
8.6 SMP of elastomer composites 136
8.7 DMP of elastomer composites 141
8.8 Conclusions 144
References 144
9. Thermal behavior of elastomer blends and composites 149
AtulKumar Maurya,RupamGogoiandGauravManik
9.1 Introduction 149
9.2 Thermodynamics of the rubbererubber and rubbere
polymer blends 150
9.3 Thermal behavior of blends 152
9.4 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites 161
9.5 Conclusion 164
References 165
10. Viscoelastic behavior of elastomer blends and composites 171
RupamGogoi,GauravManik andSushanta K.Sahoo
10.1 Introduction 171
10.2 Viscoelasticity of elastomer blends 180
10.3 Viscoelasticity of elastomer composites 185
10.4 Conclusion 190
References 191
Contents ix
11. Spectroscopy of elastomer blends and composites 195
SabarishRadoor,Jasila Karayil,Amritha Bemplassery,AswathyJayakumar,
JyotishkumarParameswaranpillai andSuchartSiengchin
11.1 Introduction 195
11.2 FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy 196
11.3 Fluorescence spectroscopy 199
11.4 NMR spectroscopy 202
11.5 Conclusion 204
Acknowledgments 204
References 204
12. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray
scattering studies of elastomer blends and composites 209
AngelRomo-Uribe
12.1 Focus 209
12.2 X-ray diffraction 210
12.3 Methods in X-ray scattering 215
12.4 Wide-angle X-ray diffraction, WAXD 217
12.5 Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) 224
12.6 Applications 234
12.7 Synchrotron scattering 237
12.8 Conclusions 239
References 240
Further reading 241
13. Theoretical modeling and simulation of elastomer blends
and nanocomposites 243
JithaS.Jayan,B.D.S.Deeraj, AppukuttanSarithaandKuruvilla Joseph
13.1 Introduction 243
13.2 Simulations of elastomers 244
x Contents
13.3 Modeling study of elastomer blends and composites 250
13.4 Major concern/challenges 256
13.5 Conclusion and future scope 257
References 257
14. Recycling of elastomer blends and composites 269
JithaS.Jayan,A.S. Sethulekshmi,GopikaVenu,B.D.S.Deeraj,
AppukuttanSarithaandKuruvillaJoseph
14.1 Introduction 269
14.2 Devulcanization methods 271
14.3 Value-added products from revulcanized elastomeric
blends and composites 286
14.4 Conclusion 296
14.5 Future perspectives 297
References 297
Further reading 304
15. Applications of elastomer blends and composites 305
SudheerKumar,SukhilaKrishnan andSmitaMohanty
15.1 Introduction 305
15.2 Polyurethane-based elastomer blends and composites 307
15.3 Silicone-based elastomer blends and composites 314
15.4 Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM)-based
elastomer 317
15.5 Other elastomers 321
15.6 Conclusions 324
References 324
