Table Of ContentELASTOMER-BASED
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Mechanical, Dynamic, and Microwave
Properties and Engineering Applications
ELASTOMER-BASED
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Mechanical, Dynamic, and Microwave
Properties and Engineering Applications
Nikolay Dishovsky, PhD, DSc
Mihail Mihaylov, PhD
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way
Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Waretown, NJ 08758 USA
© 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
No claim to original U.S. Government works
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-620-8 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-15958-4 (eBook)
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and re-
cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher
or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors
as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable
data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity
of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to
trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders
if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowl-
edged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation
and identification without intent to infringe.
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Dishovsky, Nikolay, 1953-, author
Elastomer-based composite materials : mechanical, dynamic and microwave properties, and
engineering applications / Nikolay Dishovsky, PhD, DSc, Mihail Mihaylov, PhD.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77188-620-8 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-315-15958-4 (PDF)
1. Elastomers. 2. Composite materials. I. Mihaylov, Mihail, 1981-, author II. Title.
TA455.E4D57 2017 620.1'94 C2017-907434-2 C2017-907435-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Dishovsky, Nikolay, author. | Mihaylov, Mihail, author.
Title: Elastomer-based composite materials : mechanical, dynamic and microwave properties,
and engineering applications / Nikolay Dishovsky, PhD, DSc, Mihail Mihaylov, PhD.
Other titles: Elastomer based composite materials
Description: Toronto; New Jersey : Apple Academic Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical ref-
erences and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017055543 (print) | LCCN 2017056734 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315159584
(ebook) | ISBN 9781771886208 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Elastomers. | Composite materials.
Classification: LCC TA455.E4 (ebook) | LCC TA455.E4 D57 2017 (print) | DDC 620.1/94--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017055543
Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products,
visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Nikolay Dishovsky
Nikolay Dishovsky (born 1953) is a Full Professor who has been Head
of the Department of Polymer Engineering at the University of Chem-
ical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria since 2003. He obtained
his PhD in 1983, working on the synthesis and application of elastomer-
based microgels. In 1991, he became an associate professor in macromo-
lecular chemistry. In 1997, Dishovsky earned his Doctor of Science degree
defending a thesis on rubber composites containing specific functional
fillers. Before his appointment as a Full Professor in rubber technology
in 2000, he held DAAD and NATO Science Committee fellowships in
Germany and Spain. He is particularly interested in rubber magnetic modi-
fication, rubber-based composite materials, absorbing electromagnetic
waves, and functional fillers. He has more than 200 publications in IF- and
SJR-indexed journals and holds 41 patents. In 2001, his name was inscribed
in the Golden Book of Bulgarian Inventors. In 2015, he was chosen as
Inventor of the Year in Bulgaria, category “Chemistry and Biotechnology.”
He has authored two books (Iv. Ivanov, N. Dishovsky, Patent Analyses,
Sofia, IP Bulgaria, 2004; N. Dishovsky, G. Tsenkov, Rubber Handbook,
Sofia, EC Print, 2006) and six textbooks (N. Dishovsky, II. Radulov,
Transport Phenomena in Rubbers, Sofia, EC Print, 2007; N. Dishovsky, I.
Radulov, R. Dimitrov, Reinforcing of Elastomers, Sofia, EC Print, 2005;
N. Dishovsky, Ingredients for Rubber Compounds, Sofia, UCTM, 2004;
N. Dishovsky, Ageing and Stabilisation of Elastomers, Sofia, Informa,
1998; St. Andreev, R. Peshleevsky, N. Dishovsky, Materials and Coatings
Absorbing Ultra High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves, Sofia, VMT,
1991; IV. Mladenov, N. Dishovsky, Photooxidation and Stabilization of
Polyolephines, Sofia, Technika, 1987) for students of the BSc, and MSc
and PhD programs in polymeric engineering and polymer materials. He
has supervised 20 PhD students and more than 70 BSc and MSc students.
He has been project leader of more than 60 national and international proj-
ects. The results from a considerable part of those projects have found
application in real-life practice.
vi About the Authors
Mihail Mihaylov
Mihail Mihaylov (born 1981) has been an Assistant Professor in the Depart-
ment of Polymer Engineering at the University of Chemical Technology
and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria since 2011. He obtained his PhD in 2010,
working on the possibilities for recycling waste tires and rubber goods. He is
particularly interested in rubber modification, modification of fillers, recy-
cling of waste tires, rubber-based composite materials, absorbing electro-
magnetic waves, and functional fillers. He has more than 25 publications in
IF- and SJR-indexed journals and one patent.
CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................ix
List of Symbols ...............................................................................................xiii
Preface ..........................................................................................................xvii
Introduction ....................................................................................................xxi
1. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials: Opportunities for
Broader Engineering Application ..................................................................1
2. Ingredients for Elastomer-Based Composite Materials: Requirements
and Ecological Concerns ................................................................................9
3. Fillers for Elastomer-Based Composite Materials:
Synthesis and Characterization ...................................................................27
4. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising
Hybrid Fillers Obtained by Different Techniques .....................................41
5. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising
Pyrolysis Carbon Black ..............................................................................149
6. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising
Carbon Nanostructures ..............................................................................169
7. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising
Modified Activated Carbons ......................................................................213
8. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising Ferrites .................273
9. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising
Carbide and Boride Ceramics ...................................................................319
10. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising Calcined Kaolin .....393
11. Elastomer-Based Composites with Reduced Zinc Oxide Level ..............433
Index .....................................................................................................................475
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AES Auger electron spectroscopy
AGU anhydroglucopyranose
BE binding energies
BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
BJH Barrett–Joyner–Halenda
BR butadiene rubber
BSS Bulgarian State Standard
CB carbon black
CBS N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide
CCB conductive carbon black
CCD detector charge coupled device detector
CNT(s) carbon nanotubes
CR chloroprene rubber
CSM chlorosulfonated polyethylene
CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
DBP dibutylphthalate
DBPA dibutylphthalate absorption
DFT density functional theory
DMTA dynamic mechanical thermal analysis
DSC differential scanning calorimetry
DTA differential thermal analysis
DTAB dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide
EDX, EDS energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy
EMC electromagnetic compatibility
EMI electromagnetic interference
EMI SE electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness
EMI SM electromagnetic interference shielding material
EMW electromagnetic wave(s)
ENR epoxidized natural rubber
EPDM ethylene–propylene diene terpolymer
EU European Union
FGS functionalized graphene sheets
FMR, NFMR ferromagnetic resonance, natural ferromagnetic resonance
FTIR Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy
