Table Of ContentChengZhiHuang,JianLing,JianWang
ElasticLightScatteringSpectrometry
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Cheng Zhi Huang, Jian Ling, Jian Wang
Elastic Light
Scattering
Spectrometry
Authors
Prof.Dr.ChengZhiHuang
SouthwestUniversity
CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences
400715Chongqing
PRChina
[email protected]
Dr.JianLing
YunnanUniversity
SchoolofChemicalScienceandTechnology
Kunming
PRChina
Prof.Dr.JianWang
SouthwestUniversity
CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences
400715Chongqing
PRChina
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-11-057310-7
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-057313-8
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-057324-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018954461
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Contents
ListofContributingAuthors VII
ChengZhiHuang,JianLing,YuanFangLi
1 Introductiontolightscattering 1
YuanFangLi,JianLing
2 Electromagneticwaveandlightscatteringtheory 28
JianLing,ChengZhiHuang
3 Detectionoflightscatteringsignals 59
JianLing,ChengZhiHuang
4 Resonancelightscatteringspectroscopy 82
YunFeiLong,JianLing,QieGenLiao,ChengZhiHuang
5 Lightscatteringspectralprobesoforganicsmallmolecule 105
YunFeiLong,JianWang,JianLing
6 Lightscatteringnanospectralprobes 141
JianWang,JianLing,YueLiu,PengFeiGao
7 Nanolightscatteringspectrometry 181
LiQiangChen,ChengZhiHuang
8 Lightscatteringmicroscopicbioimaging 222
JianWang
9 Lightscatteringspectrometryofinorganicions 241
ZhongDeLiu,JianWang
10 Lightscatteringspectrometryoforganicsmallmoleculesand
drugs 263
LiZhang,JianWang
11 Lightscatteringspectrometryofnucleicacids 280
JianLing,YunFeiLong
12 Lightscatteringspectrometryofproteins 300
VI Contents
SaiJinXiao,ChengZhiHuang
13 Lightscatteringspectrometryofbioparticles 323
JianWang,KeJunTan
14 Aquaticenvironmentallightscatteringspectrometry 350
XiaoBingPang,YanYin
15 Atmosphericenvironmentallightscatteringspectrometry 375
Index 400
List of Contributing Authors
Prof.Dr.ChengZhiHuang Dr.YueLiu
SouthwestUniversity ArmyMedicalUniversity
CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences CollegeofBasicMedicalSciences
400715Chongqing DepartmentofChemistry
PRChina 400038Chongqing
[email protected] PRChina
Dr.JianLing Dr.PengFeiGao
YunnanUniversity SouthwestUniversity
SchoolofChemicalScienceandTechnology CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences
650091Kunming 400715Chongqing
PRChina PRChina
Prof.YuanFangLi Dr.LiQiangChen
SouthwestUniversity YunnanUniversity
CollegeofChemistryandChemical CollegeofChemicalScienceandTechnology
Engineering 650091Kunming
400715Chongqing PRChina
PRChina
[email protected] Dr.ZhongDeLiu
SouthwestUniversity
Prof.Dr.YunFeiLong CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences
HunanUniversityofScience 400715Chongqing
andTechnology PRChina
SchoolofChemistryandChemical
Engineering Dr.LiZhang
411201Xiangtan NanchangUniversity
PRChina DepartmentofChemistry
[email protected] 330031Nanchang
PRChina
QieGenLiao
JiangxiAcademyofAgriculturalSciences Dr.SaiJinXiao
AgriculturalProductQualitySafetyand EastChinaInstituteofTechnology
StandardsInstitute JiangxiKeyLaboratoryof
330200Nanchang MassSpectrometry
PRChina andInstrumentation
330013Nanchang
Prof.Dr.JianWang PRChina
SouthwestUniversity
CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences Prof.Dr.KeJunTan
400715Chongqing SouthwestUniversity
PRChina CollegeofChemistryandChemical
[email protected] Engineering
400715Chongqing
PRChina
[email protected]
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110573138-201
VIII ListofContributingAuthors
Prof.Dr.XiaoBingPang Dr.YanYin
NanjingUinversityofInformationScience& NanjingUinversityofInformationScience&
Technology Technology
SchoolofAtmospericPhysics SchoolofAtmospericPhysics
210044Nanjing 210044Nanjing
PRChina PRChina
[email protected]
Cheng Zhi Huang, Jian Ling, Yuan Fang Li
1 Introduction to light scattering
1.1 Synopsis of light scattering
1.1.1 Light scattering phenomenon
Whyistheskyblue?Whyisthedeepseamazarine?Andwhyisthelakegreen?All
these questions are concerned with light scattering and its related optical
phenomena.
Lightscatteringisanopticalnaturalphenomenonthatexistsextensively.Literally,
lightscatteringreferstoaphenomenonthatscatterslightinalldirections.Whenthe
light passes through an inhomogeneous medium, photons of different wavelengths
interactandcollidewiththeinhomogeneousareaofthemedium,scatteringthelightin
differentdirections.Therefore,thelightcanbeobservedinotherdirectionsbesidesthe
direction of the incident light. For example, in a dark night, when you turn on the
electrictorch,you can observe the light cross, and thisisbecause the electrictorch
lightisscatteredbythesuspendedparticlesintheair;hence,thelightisvisibletoour
eyes.Thelargertheparticles,theclearerwouldbeseenforthesefloatingparticles.Itis
becauseoftheexistenceoftheseparticlesresultedinscatteringoftheelectrictorch
lightthattheflashlightcouldnotspreadtoinfinity.
1.1.1.1 Lightscatteringactingasanimportantformoflightdecay
The same as the light absorption, light scattering also can make the light passing
through a medium decay. For example, when a white light passes through water-
dilutedmilk,inthedirectionwherethelightadvances,themilkappearspink,while
fromthesideandabove,itappearslightblue.Thisisbecausethewhitelightcollides
withsmallparticlesinmilkemulsion,causingvariationofdifferentdegreesforthe
lightofdifferentwavelengthsfromtheoriginalincidencedirectionofthewhitelight.
Ashort-wavelengthlighthasmorevariation,whilealong-wavelengthlighthasless
variation.
Inopticalpropagation,theflowofphotonsinteractswiththeinhomogeneousarea
of a medium, such as an atom, a molecule, molecular aggregates, or particles of
differentsizes,andsolightintensitychangesintermsofspatialdistribution,polariza-
tionstate,orfrequency.Inotherwords,whenthelightpropagatesthroughamedium,
ifthereisanyinhomogeneity,itcanleadtolightscattering.Thus,lightscatteringisa
formofinteractionbetweentheflowofphotonsandtheinhomogeneousarea,which
widelyexistinnatureandourdailylife.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110573138-001
2 ChengZhiHuang,JianLing,YuanFangLi
1.1.1.2 Propagationofsunlight
Propagationoflightcanbeseeninatmosphere,suchasbluesky,whitecloud,rosy
cloud, and fog. Either blue sky, beautiful morning light, pretty sunset glow, or a
rainbowaftertherain,allthesephenomenaarethecombinedresultoflightscatter-
ing,lightreflex,andlightrefraction,producedbytheinteractionsbetweensunlight
and atmospheric suspended solids, and gas molecules. Because of this, on cloudy
rainy days or in case of fierce dust storm, sunlight hardly reaches the ground. In
addition,becauseofthis,evensuperstronglaserbeamcannotpropagatetoinfinity.
Whensunlightpassesthroughtheatmosphere,raysofdifferentwavelengthsof
the sunlight react with the atmosphere, that is, with floating particles and gas
molecules in it. For the fact that the light at different wavelengths has different
degreeofscattering,theshorterthewavelength,thelargerthedegreeofscattering
is.Ashort-wavelengthlighthasalargerdegreeofscattering;itscattersalloverthe
sky,resultinginprettybluecolorofthesky.Asalong-wavelengthlighthasasmaller
degreeofscattering,itdirectlypropagatestotheground,andthecolorofthelightis
crociororangered.Forthisreason,onasunnynoon,thesunshinesdirectlyatthe
groundwith strongshort-wavelength lightscattering,andwe can see thebluesky
andnearlywhitesun.Thesunappearswhitebecausethesunlightistoostrong,so
that the scattered intensity distributed all over the wave band (white light) is not
enough to change the color of the sun. While in both the morning and at night,
sunlightreachestheearththroughatmospherewithalargedipangle,therearemuch
moreinteractionsbetweenthesunlightandfloatingparticlesandairmoleculesinthe
atmosphere,andsotheshorter-wavelengthincludingbluelightandyellowlightare
sidescattered,andonlythelonger-wavelengthincludingredlightreachestheearth,
makingtheskyblueandthesunyellowtored.
When compared withthe wavelengthof a visiblelight, dust,droplet, and other
suspendedparticleshavelargersizes.Forexample,PM referstoaparticlewithasize
2.5
smallerorequalto2.5μm;PM referstoaparticlewithasizesmallerorequalto10μm.
10
DiametersofPM andPM arefarlargerthanthewavelengthofthesunlightofvisible
2.5 10
region (360–760 nm). So, when the sunlight passes through the atmosphere and
collides with these larger particles, the sunlight is reflected in different directions.
Sincethiskindofreflectedlighthasnoselectivityforlightofdifferentwavelength,so
theseparticlesreflectwhitelight.Onfoggyandcloudydays,astherearelotsofmist
particles,thelightofdifferentwavelengthsisreflectedbytheseparticles,andsothe
lightthatreachestheearthappearswhite,andthelightintensityisratherlow.
In fact, ananalogical observationcan also be seen when the white light passes
throughmilk.Ithasknownthatmilkappearswhitebecauseitcontainsanumberof
100nmcaseinandfatglobuleparticlesoflargediameters.Theseparticlescanequally
scatterandreflectthevisiblelightofallwavelengths.Ifthemilkiswell-dilutedwith
water,however,largeparticlesarelessandsothereflectedlightisweaker;insucha
case,wecanseescatteringofdifferentcolorsindifferentdirectionsofthecontainer.
