Elam and Persia

514 Pages·2011·12.11 MB·English

by  Javier Álvarez-Mon

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Elam and Persia
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Elam and Persia
Edited by
Javier Álvarez-Mon Mark B. Garrison
and
Winona Lake, Indiana
Eisenbrauns
2011
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ç Copyright 2011 by Eisenbrauns.
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
www.eisenbrauns.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Elam and Persia / edited by Javier Álvarez-Mon and Mark B. Garrison
p. cm.
Includes papers from a meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research, held
in Philadelphia, Pa., 2003.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-57506-166-5 (hbk. : alk. paper)
1. Elam—Civilization—Congresses. 2. Elam—Antiquities—Congresses.
3. Philology—Elam—History—Congresses. 4. Art, Elamite—History—
Congresses. 5. Fars (Iran)—Civilization—Congresses. 7. Philology—Iran—
Fars—Congresses. 8. Art, Iranian—Iran—Fars—History—Congresses.
9. Elam—Relations—Iran—Fars—Congresses. 10. Fars (Iran)—Relations—
Elam—Congresses. I. Álvarez-Mon, Javier. II. Garrison, Mark B.
III. American Schools of Oriental Research. Meeting (2003 : Philadelphia, Pa.)
DS65.E43 2010
935—dc22 2010035003
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National
Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI
Z39.48-1984. †‘
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Contributors to Elam and Persia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Javier Álvarez-Mon, Mark B. Garrison, and David Stronach
Part 1
Archaeology
A Note on the Limits of Ansan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
D. T. Potts
Landscapes of Death in Susiana During the Last Half of the
2nd Millennium b.c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Elizabeth Carter
Part 2
Texts
Elamite as Administrative Language: From Susa to Persepolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Gian Pietro Basello
Parnakka’s Feast: sip in Parsa and Elam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Wouter F. M. Henkelman
Elamitas Frente a Persas: el Reino Independiente de Ansan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Enrique Quintana
Iranians in Neo-Elamite Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Jan Tavernier
Darius, l’héritier légitime, et les premiers Achéménides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
François Vallat
Parsumas, Ansan, and Cyrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Matt Waters
Part 3
Images
The Golden Griffin from Arjan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Javier Álvarez-Mon
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vi Contents
The Seal of “Kuras the Anzanite, Son of Sespes” (Teispes), PFS 93*:
Susa – Ansan – Persepolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Mark B. Garrison
New Evidence for Mannean Art:
An Assessment of Three Glazed Tiles from Qalaichi (Izirtu) . . . . . . . . 407
Y. Hassanzadeh and H. Mollasalehi
Elam in the Imperial Imagination: From Nineveh to Persepolis . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Margaret Cool Root
Court Dress and Riding Dress at Persepolis:
New Approaches to Old Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
David Stronach
Postscript: The Legacy of Elam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Javier Álvarez-Mon and Mark B. Garrison
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Preface
The efforts of many individuals have made this book possible. Its conception goes back to
the 2003 meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research that took place in Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania, where two sessions were dedicated to the rich cultural heritage of ancient
Iran; it was also the first time that Iranian archeology was represented at ASOR since the Ira-
nian Revolution. The intent of the sessions was to evaluate various aspects of the relationships
between Elam of the late Neo-Elamite period and early Achaemenid Persia. The individuals
who presented papers at those sessions were Javier Álvarez-Mon, Elizabeth Carter, Mark B.
Garrison, D. T. Potts, Margaret Cool Root, and Matt Waters. With the exception of Álvarez-
Mon, the topics of the presentations at the conference are the same as published in their papers
in this volume. The following individuals also graciously accepted invitations to contribute to
this volume: Gian Pietro Basello, Wouter F. M. Henkelman, Enrique Quintana Cifuentes, Jan
Tavernier, François Vallat, Y. Hassanzadeh, H. Mollasalehi, and David Stronach.
Elam and Persia is a compilation of the work of fourteen international scholars with a wide
range of expertise. In this context, the book is organized into three separate sections based on
philological, archaeological, and art-historical evidence. A common thread running through
these analyses is the nature and significance of the relationship between “Elamite” culture of
the late Neo-Elamite period (post Assyrian conquest ca. 647 b.c.) in Elam and the emerging
“Persian” culture in Fars (late 7th and 6th centuries b.c.).
As always, the editorial process of compiling multiple articles, some of which have been
translated from their original languages, and bringing the final publication to press has taken
more time than expected.
The original manuscripts were submitted to the publisher in October 2007. Authors re-
ceived proofs in May 2010. In order to get the volume to press as soon as possible, authors were
asked in May 2010 to keep additions to their texts and bibliographies to a minimum. The ed-
itors wish to express their thanks to the contributors for their patience during the period be-
tween submission and publication, their willingness to forego extensive revisions to their texts,
and the speed with which they attended to the proofs. This project certainly would not have
been possible without the support and nurture of relatives, friends, and colleagues. We would
like, in particular, to mention the continuing encouragement and professional guidance of Jim
Eisenbraun.
The editors have not imposed uniformity of transcription of ancient personal and place
names. Each individual author has employed a style of his/her own preference.
At Trinity University the editors would like to acknowledge the assistance of Ellen Dooley,
Kelly Grajeda, and Sarah Gretsch.
This volume is dedicated to Pierre Amiet, whose rich contributions on the culture of an-
cient Elam have served as a constant source of inspiration for the editors.
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Contributors to Elam and Persia
Javier Álvarez-Mon
Javier Álvarez-Mon, a native of Spain, holds degrees in art history, religion, and Near East-
ern art and archaeology from the École du Louvre (Paris), the Graduate Theological Union and
Jesuit School of Theology (Berkeley), and the University of California at Berkeley. His primary
research interest concentrates on the ancient Iranian civilizations of Elam and early Achaeme-
nid Persia. As a 2003 Fulbright-Hays scholar, he compiled a digital catalogue of Elamite antiq-
uities held in museums and storage units scattered throughout southwest Iran, the National
Museum of Iran (Tehran), and the Louvre Museum (Paris). This catalogue comprises a large
percentage of original materials, including those that are the focus of his doctoral dissertation,
now published as The Arjan Tomb: At the Crossroads of the Elamite and the Persian Empires (Leu-
ven, 2010). Along with the use of traditional methods of analysis, he is interested in fostering
the role of modern, digital-based technologies to facilitate the study and preservation of the
cultural heritage of ancient Iran. He is currently Lecturer in Near Eastern Archaeology at the
University of Sydney (Australia).
Gian Pietro Basello
Gian Pietro Basello is research fellow at the Department of Asian Studies of “L’Orientale”
University of Naples. He teaches Elamite civilization as adjunct professor at the University of
Bologna in Ravenna. Since 2003, he has been working at the Italian and Iranian joint Project
DARIOSH (Digital Achaemenid Royal Inscription Open Schema Hypertext). His primary re-
search interests are the Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid sources. His research has focused also on
ancient calendars and systems for counting and recording time. The address of his Web site is
<www.elamit.net>.
Elizabeth Carter
Elizabeth Carter is Professor of Near Eastern Archaeology and Musa Sabi Term Chair of Ira-
nian Studies (2009–2014) in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at
UCLA. She began her career working on the Elamites and carried out excavations in Susa (Ex-
cavations in the Ville Royale at Susa: The Third Millennium b.c. Occupation; Cahiers de la déléga-
tion archéologique française en Iran 11; Paris, 1980) and Anshan (Malyan) (Excavations at Tal-e
Malyan, Iran: The Middle Elamite Period; University Museum Monograph no. 75; Philadelphia,
1996). She maintains an active research interest in the social and cultural history of Elam (Elam:
Surveys of Political History and Archaeology; University of California Near Eastern Studies Series
24; Berkeley, 1984, with Matthew W. Stolper) although her fieldwork has been in southeastern
Turkey since 1989. The paper in Elam and Persia stems from an interest in the archaeology of
death in the Ancient Near East.
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Contributors to Elam and Persia ix
Enrique Quintana Cifuentes
Enrique Quintana Cifuentes is Letrado de la Administración del Estado y Adjunto de los
Servicios jurídicos del Estado en Murcia (Spain). His academic background allowed him to
specialize in the study of Sumerian, Akkadian, Elamite, and Egyptian languages. He is a mem-
ber of the Spanish Oriental Association, the Spanish Egyptology Association, and a regular col-
laborator with the Instituto del Próximo Oriente (IPOA) at the University of Murcia. One of
his primary interests is the advancement of the study of Elamite culture and language. In addi-
tion to directing the website of the IPOA, dedicated to the dissemination of textual documen-
tation of Elam, he is the author of numerous publications, in particular, two volumes in the
collection Estudios Orientales published by the University of Murcia: Historia de Elam: El vecino
mesopotámico (no. 1); Textos y fuentes para el estudio de Elam (no. 4). In the same series, two works
are currently in press: La lengua elamita: Introducción a las lenguas muertas del Próximo Oriente An-
tiguo; Historia General de Mesopotamia.
Mark B. Garrison
Mark B. Garrison is the Alice Pratt Brown Distinguished Professor in Art History in the De-
partment of Art and Art History at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. His primary re-
search interests are the glyptic arts of ancient Iran and Iraq in the first millennium b.c. He
specializes in the glyptic preserved on two large archives from Persepolis—the Persepolis For-
tification tablets and the Persepolis Treasury tablets. With Margaret Cool Root, he is author of
Seals on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets, Volume I: Images of Heroic Encounter (Oriental Institute
Publications 117; Chicago, 2001). In addition to the documentary work represented in that
publication, his research has focused on social aspects of glyptic production in workshops in
Persepolis, especially the issues surrounding the impact of individuals of high status and/or ad-
ministrative rank on the development of glyptic style and iconography in the early Achaemenid
period. His work has also addressed the emergence and development of royal ideology in glyp-
tic at Persepolis, religious imagery in Achaemenid art, and the relationship of glyptic of the
early Achaemenid period with earlier glyptic traditions in Elam and Mesopotamia.
Yousef Hassanzadeh
Yousef Hassanzadeh is a researcher in the History Department at the National Museum of
Iran. He holds a B.A. in Archaeology from Tehran University. His research interests concen-
trate on the social and artistic developments in northwestern Iran during the early first millen-
nium b.c. He is particularly interested in the study of the little-known Mannaean culture
within the larger political and artistic contexts of the Elamite, Median, Urartian, and Assyrian
civilizations. His most recent publications deal with the study of the Mannaean glazed brick-
work found in Qalaichi (Boukan) and presently housed at the National Museum of Iran.