eIoT: The Development of the Energy Internet of Things in Energy Infrastructure

181 Pages·2019·7.14 MB·English

by  Steffi O. Muhanji

Steffi  O. Muhanji · Alison E. Flint 
Amro M. Farid
eIoT
The Development of the Energy Internet
of Things in Energy Infrastructure
eIoT
Steffi O. Muhanji • Alison E. Flint • Amro M. Farid
eIoT
The Development of the Energy Internet
of Things in Energy Infrastructure
123
SteffiO.Muhanji AlisonE.Flint
LaboratoryforIntelligentIntegrated LaboratoryforIntelligentIntegrated
NetworksofEngineeringSystems(LIINES) NetworksofEngineeringSystems(LIINES)
ThayerSchoolofEngineering, ThayerSchoolofEngineering,
DartmouthCollege DartmouthCollege
Hanover,NH,USA Hanover,NH,USA
AmroM.Farid
LaboratoryforIntelligentIntegrated
NetworksofEngineeringSystems(LIINES)
ThayerSchoolofEngineering,
DartmouthCollege
Hanover,NH,USA
ISBN978-3-030-10426-9 ISBN978-3-030-10427-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10427-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018966520
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Preface
It’s been 20 years since Kevin Ashton coined the term the “Internet of Things”
(IoT).Atthetime,theconceptwasadvancedbytheAuto-IDCenterglobalresearch
consortiumasameansoftransformingproductionandsupplychainmanagement.If
everyproductor“thing”couldhaveanRFIDtag,thenitcouldpotentially“speak”
to an RFID reader and provide relevant information like its current location, its
production date, and its expected delivery time and location. Products, as they
movedthroughasupplychain,couldgaintheirownsortof“intelligence”through
intelligentproductagentsthatnegotiatedwiththerestofthesupplychain’sentities
to reach their final destination. In short, having real-time product-level granularity
of an entire supply chain was viewed as a key to a digitized industrial revolution
calledIndustrie4.0.
In some ways, a lot has changed. In others, much of this original vision has
remainedthesame.NolongeristheInternetofThingssolelydependent onRFID
tags and readers. Instead, the proliferation of sensor technology in the last two
decades has tremendously diversified the notion of IoT to include just about any
type of sensor with the potential for connection to a communication network.
Similarly, communication networks, particularly wireless ones, have experienced
similar leaps in innovation and adoption. For perspective, the Wi-Fi Alliance, the
trade association responsible for Wi-Fi technology, was founded in the same year
(1999) that the term IoT was first used. Finally, mobile computing devices (like
smartphones and tablets) have revolutionized the potential for high computing
powernearoronedgedevices.Theassociatedcomputingplatforms(e.g.,Android
and iOS) has brought about yet another proliferation of IoT-friendly “apps.”
This tremendous heterogeneity of new sensors, communication networks, edge
computing, and mobile apps has transformed the IoT landscape from its humble
beginnings centered on RFID tags and readers. In so doing, IoT has emerged
as the dominant new paradigm for the transformation of supply chain operations
management.
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viii Preface
Why This Book?
However,itwouldbeinsufficienttorestricttheconceptofIoTsolelytotraditional
supply chain management and logistics applications. The Internet of Things now
spans every “thing.” Among others,there are applications intransportation, water,
defense,aerospace,and,yes,evenenergysystems.Thisbookexploresthecollision
betweenthesustainableenergytransitionandtheInternetofThings(IoT).
In that regard, this book’s arrival is timely. Not only is the Internet of Things
forenergyapplications,hereincalledtheenergyInternetofThings(eIoT),rapidly
developing,butalsothetransitiontowardsustainableenergytoabateglobalclimate
isverymuchattheforefrontofpublicdiscourse.The2016COP21ParisAgreement
has committed to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below
◦
2 C. The 2018 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states
that achieving such a goal would require “rapid, far reaching, and unprecedented
changesinallaspectsofsociety.”
It is within the context of these two dynamic thrusts, digitization and global
climate change, that the energy industry sees itself undergoing significant change
in how it is operated and managed. This book recognizes that they impose five
fundamental energy management change drivers: (1) the growing demand for
electricity, (2) the emergence of renewable energy resources, (3) the emergence
of electrified transportation, (4) the deregulation of electric power markets, and
(5) innovations in smart grid technology. Together, they challenge many of the
assumptionsuponwhichtheelectricgridwasfirstbuilt.
Traditionally, the electricity grid comprised of centralized generation whose
soul purpose was to serve consumer demand. This centralized paradigm came to
shape the way the electricity grid is managed and operated today. However, as
more renewable distributed generations in the form of solar and wind are added
to the grid, power can no longer just flow in one direction (from the transmission
to the distribution system). Instead, consumers that have rooftop solar should be
able to send their power back to the electricity transmission system. Variable
renewableenergyresourceshavealsoputastrainonsystemoperatorsbecausethey
mustmeetthenetload(i.e.,consumerdemandminusvariableenergygeneration).
Furthermore, because many of these variable renewable energy resources are
installed behind metering infrastructure, they are not always able to distinguish
betweenthevariabilityofloadandthatrenewablegeneration.Tofurthercomplicate
thesituation,consumersincreasinglypossessthecapabilitytomanageandcontrol
their consumption patterns, making it possible for them to respond to the time-of-
useorreal-timepricesignals.
Instead of this traditional paradigm of active centralized generation serving
passivedistributedloads,thisbookarguesthatthefiveenergymanagementchange
drivers stated above will activate the grid periphery. This will in turn “pull” eIoT
technologiestobecomeascalableenergymanagementsolution.Insodoing,eIoT
will enable a pervasive grid-wide transformation in which a plethora of cyber and
physical grid devices will interact within transactive energy applications. Energy,
Preface ix
power, and other grid “services” will have to be sought in or near real time so as
to maintain grid reliability and economic efficiency at all points in a very much
distributedgrid.
The GoalofThisBook
ThegoalofthisbookisprovideasingleintegratedpictureofhoweIoTcancometo
transformourenergyinfrastructure.Thisbooklinkstheenergymanagementchange
driversmentionedabovetotheneedforatechnicalenergymanagementsolution.It,
then, describes how eIoT meets many of the criteria required for such a technical
solution.Inthatregard,thebookstressestheabilityofeIoTtoaddsensing,decision-
making,andactuationcapabilitiestomillionsorperhapsevenbillionsofinteracting
“smart” devices. With such a large-scale transformation composed of so many
independentactions,thebookalsoorganizesthediscussionintoasinglemulti-layer
energy management control loop structure. Consequently, much attention is given
to not just network-enabled physical devices but also communication networks,
distributed control and decision-making, and finally technical architectures and
standards. Having gone into the detail of these many simultaneously developing
technologies,thebookreturnstohowthesetechnologieswhenintegratedformnew
applicationsfortransactiveenergy.Inthatregard,ithighlightsseveraleIoT-enabled
energymanagementusecasesthatfundamentallychangetherelationshipbetween
end users, utilities, and grid operators. Consequently, the book discusses some of
the emerging applications for utilities, industry, commerce, and residences. The
book concludes that these eIoT applications will transform today’s grid into one
that is much more responsive, dynamic, adaptive, and flexible. It also concludes
that this transformation will bring about new challenges and opportunities for the
cyber-physical-economic performance of the grid and the business models of its
increasinglygrowingnumberofparticipantsandstakeholders.
What’s in This Book?
Thisbookiscomprisedoffivechaptersorganizedasfollows:
• Chapter 1 presents eIoT as a potential solution to the five energy management
changedriversdescribedabove.
• Chapter2recognizesthatthesedriverswillrequireatransformationofthegrid
peripherywhereeIoTisalsomostsuitableasatechnicalsolution.
• Chapter 3 then presents the development of IoT within energy infrastructure
usinganenergymanagementcontrolloopasaguidingstructurefordiscussion.
x Preface
• Chapter 4 then ties this overarching techno-economic energy management
control loop with the emerging concept of transactive energy. Applications for
utilities,industry,commerce,andresidencesaresubsequentlydiscussed.
• Chapter5servestosummarizetheconclusionsofthework.Inshort,
1. eIoTwillbecomeubiquitous.
2. eIoTwillenablenewautomatedenergymanagementplatforms.
3. eIoTwillenabledistributedtechno-economicdecision-making.
Chapter 5 also serves to highlight two open challenges and opportunities for
futurework.Theseare:
1. Theconvergenceofcyber,physical,andeconomicperformance
2. There-envisioningofthestrategicbusinessmodelfortheutilityofthefuture
Hanover,NH,USA SteffiO.Muhanji
Hanover,NH,USA AlisonE.Flint
Hanover,NH,USA AmroM.Farid
October2018
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) for
thepartialfundingtosupportthisbookproject.We’dalsoliketothankEPRIforits
technicalfeedbackasthisworkhasdeveloped.
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