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EINSTEIN’S JURY EINSTEIN’S JURY The Race to Test Relativity Jeffrey Crelinsten PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright©2006byPrincetonUniversityPress PublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet, Princeton,NewJersey08540 IntheUnitedKingdom:PrincetonUniversityPress, 3MarketPlace,Woodstock,OxfordshireOX201SY AllRightsReserved LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Crelinsten,Jeffrey. Einstein’sjury:theracetotestrelativity/JeffreyCrelinsten. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-0-691-12310-3(hardcover:acid-freepaper) ISBN-10:0-691-12310-1(hardcover:acid-freepaper) 1.Relativity(Physics)2.Einstein,Albert,1879–1955.3.Astrophysics— History—20thcentury.4.Physics—History—20thcentury. 5.Astronomy—History—20thcentury.I.Title. QC173.585.C74 2006 530.11—dc22 2005032681 BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable ThisbookhasbeencomposedinSabonwithGillSansdisplay Printedonacid-freepaper.∞ pup.princeton.edu PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 To my parents, Dorothy and Abe Crelinsten, in loving memory CONTENTS ListofIllustrations xi ListofTables xv Preface xvii Introduction xxi NotationConventionforAngularMeasure xxv Abbreviations xxvii PARTONE:1905–1911 EarlyEncounterswithRelativity 1 CHAPTERONE EinsteinandtheWorldCommunityofPhysicists andAstronomers 3 EinsteinEnterstheWorldStage 3 TheAstronomyCommunity 7 TheAstrophysicsRevolution 9 EuropeanBrainsandAmericanMoney 20 CaliforniaAstronomy:TheNation’sLeader 25 CHAPTERTWO AstronomersandSpecialRelativity:TheFirstPublications 28 HenryCrozierPlummerandtheProblemofAberration 28 EdmundTaylorWhittaker:RelativityandtheEther 31 RelativityandSubjectivism 36 UsingRelativitytoCalculatePlanetaryOrbits 38 AmericanAstronomers’IntroductiontoRelativity 40 PARTTWO:1911–1919 AstronomersEncounterEinstein 45 CHAPTERTHREE TheEarlyInvolvement,1911–1914 47 Einstein’sTwoPredictions 47 SolarEclipses,“Vulcan,”andthePrincipleofRelativity 50 viii CONTENTS EinsteinFindsanAstronomer 55 PuzzlesintheSun’sSpectrum 65 TheRussianEclipseof1914 76 CHAPTERFOUR TheWarPeriod,1914–1918 85 TroubleswithFreundlich 85 Einstein’sBreakthrough 87 The“FreundlichAffair” 90 NewsofEinstein’sBreakthroughSpreads 94 MixedReactionstoaComplicatedTheory 98 ConstructingtheUniverse 103 ChallengesfromSolarObservations 108 LickAstronomersGoEclipseHunting 114 EinsteinLiberatesFreundlich 119 CHAPTERFIVE 1919:AYearofDramaticAnnouncement 125 Evershed’sEarthEffectversusRelativity 125 DelaysandTechnicalChallengesatLick 126 EntertheBritish 129 TheLickVerdict:“EinsteinIsWrong” 131 TheBritishDeclare,“EinsteinIsRight” 140 CHAPTERSIX MenofScienceAgog 146 ReactionstotheBritishEclipseResults 146 PressurefromthePress 153 TheRoleofArthurEddington 157 EinsteintheNationalTreasure 160 HaleRealizesHisVision 165 PARTTHREE:1920–1925 AstronomersPutEinsteintotheTest 169 CHAPTERSEVEN TacklingtheSolarRedshiftProblem 171 EvershedandSt.JohnDeclaretheCaseUnresolved 171 “Einstein’sThirdVictory” 173 UnravelingComplexities—EvershedversusSt.John 175 EvershedVotesforEinstein 179 CHAPTEREIGHT MoreEclipseTesting 183 PersonnelChangesatLick 183 CONTENTS ix ConﬂictingAnnouncementsontheGoldendaleResults 185 PreparationsfortheAustralianEclipse 194 The1922Eclipse:AllEyesonLick 200 CHAPTERNINE EmergenceoftheCritics 213 ReactionstotheLickResults 213 T.J.J.SeeversustheLickObservatory 216 AnAntirelativityCoalitionintheEast 225 TheEtherAttemptsaComeback 231 CHAPTERTEN TheDebateIntensiﬁes 236 AnotherChancetoTestEinstein 236 MountWilsonandLickVoteforEinstein 241 TheAntirelativityCampaignGainsMomentum 243 Confrontation 252 ANewLineofEvidencetoTestEinstein 257 PARTFOUR:1925–1930 FinalAcceptance 263 CHAPTERELEVEN RelativityTriumphs 265 The1925Eclipse:DissensionintheAntirelativityCoalition 265 TheRelativityDebatecirca1925 269 AnnouncementsforandagainsttheEther 273 AnnouncementoftheSiriusBResults 277 JohnA.MillerandtheEclipseTests 282 DaytonC.MillerandtheEtherDrift 287 The1928Climax:ThreeMorePronouncements 290 ReluctantAcceptance 296 CHAPTERTWELVE SilencingtheCritics 300 CharlesLanePoorversustheLickObservatory 300 AntirelativistsRallyintheEast 307 TheFinalShowdown 310 EPILOGUE TheEmergenceofRelativisticCosmology 315 FINALREFLECTIONS 321 HowScientistsAcceptTheories 321 Astronomers’ReceptionofRelativity 323 RelativityandUs 324

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431 Pages·2006·6.483 MB·English

by Jeffrey Crelinsten

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Author:	Jeffrey Crelinsten
Publication Year:	2006
ISBN:	9780691123103
Pages:	431
Language:	English
File Size:	6.483
Format:	PDF
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