Effects of Shell Abrasion and Aerial Exposure on the - ePrints

210 Pages·2012·10.19 MB·English

EffecotfSs h elAlb rasiaonnd A eriEaxlp osuorne
·
Crassogsitgraesa
theP erofrmancoefP acifOiycs ters
1793)
(Thunberg, CulturienTd a smania,
Australia.
ColleeMna reOe' Meley
B.S[cH.o n(sC.h e)m].
Submititnfue ldf ilmoeftn htre e quirefmoetrnh tdese groefe
MastoefAr p pliSecdi einncA eq uaculbtyuR rees earch
'.
UniverosfTi atsym anNioav,e mb1e99r5
Declaration
Id eclthaartet hithse sicso ntaniomn ast erwihailch ha bse eanc cepftoerd
thaew arodfa nyo ther doerdg irpeleo imnaa n yt ertiinarsyt itauntido n
that to otfmh yek nboewesldtg aen db eliiectfo ,n tanionm sa terial
previously opruwb rliitsbthyeae nnd yo thpeerr soenx,c ewphte rdeu e
referiesmn acdee i nt he tofet xhtte h esis.
Thitsh esmiasyb em adea vailfaoblrlo eaa nn dl imictoepdy iinng
accordwaintctheh Ce opyrigAhct1t 9 68.
f'.
Ol/YJ�
ColleMeanr eOe' M�ley
Novembe1r99,5
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v
Abstract
Twoo fth em ajomra nagemsetnrta tuesgeibdeys T asmanoiyasnt er farmers
fogrr ow-oofuu tn atta(cshiendg leP-asciefieocdy )s t(erCsr asgsiogsaasrt)er ea
shealblr asoicocnu,r reiintghd eerl iberoarit nealdyv erdteunrtilnyg
mechanigsreadd ianngdm, a nipuloatifio nnt ergtirdoawli hnegi g(hdte gree
ofa eiraelx posuSormee) f.a rmearsss etrhtat th esstrea tegciaepnsr omote
fastmeerag tr owtha,n dh enchei gher conditi[omne awiten idgirhcetel sa tive
eithteosr h eclalv ivtoyl u(mCel voo!r)t ,os hewleli g(hCtl es1h.lT )h]ese
reports, ahroaewn eevcedroa,tn adhl a vneo bte esnub stantiattehde in
literaTthuepr ree.s setnutd wya su ndertatkoee vna lutahteeeff ecotfss h ell
abrasainodan e rieaxplo sounrt eh pee rform(agnrcoew ctohn,d itiionnd ex,
sheslhla pgel,y cocgoennt aenndtg onadde velopmoefPn atc)i ofyisct ers
cultuirnme eds bha skeitnts w,os epareaxtpee rimoennt twsoc, o mmercial
leasienTs a smania.
Paciofyisct ienrE sx perim1ew netrs eub jecttoet dhf eo llowsihnegl l
abrastiroena tmoennet-st;wh eirrmeda chine-gtrwaid(ceMedM g roup),
anothtehriw redr mea chine-gra(dMeg dr oounapcn)edt hlea sgtr ouwpe re
nomta chine-g(rCga rdoeudcp o,n trTohle)ip.re rformwaansmc eea sured
ove�r1d a nd 87%o ft h77e datsae t(se lepveernf ormianndciec es
in
measuroensd e vesna mpdlaet essh)e,al blr aswiaosnn o ats igniffiaccatnotr
(P>0.I0ti5 s)s .ug gesttheatdth iwsa sb ecauthseea vabilloeay stheardsl ittle
'shferlil(l flr'a sghielelexl t ensoinot nhoseu ter margins).
Paciofyisct uesresid nE xperim2he andtl arsghee flrlie lxlt ensiontso, prior
_
beintgr eaatsef do llotwwso;- thoiftr hdoesy stweerrsie n itimaalclhyi ne­
grad(eMdg rouapn)do ne-twhaisrn do( tC groupt)h,e hnaa nlodfft hMe
grouopy stweerrsse h akent hiebnia rs kaefttsse irwx e ekasn,dt welve
week(sM Bg rouipn)tt oh eex perimOeynstt.em rasc hine-gornacd(eeM d
groulpo)sa mt e aonf 3 .±30 .m4m shehleli gahntd ±51 ..9m0 m ins hell
in
leng(tmhe a±n s .;en .=13A)d.d itisohneafllrl iw lalsr emovwehde no ysters
werseh akiennt hebiars ke(tMsBg roupO)n.t hfei rosctc astihomene ,a n
shehleli gahntds helleln gwtehr ree ducbey3d . ±40 .m5m and2 .±50 .m4m
(mea±ns .en=.2;)9 r,e spectWihveenlt yhb.ea skweetrsse h aken asgiaxi n,
weeklsa treerd,u ctoif4o .n±5s0 .m6m ins hehleli gahntd2 .±9 0 .m7m in
shell leng±ts h.; en (.=m2)e9w aenr ree corded.
TheC grougpr efwa sttehrat nh MeB grouwph,i lrsets uflottrsh Me group
werues uailnltye rmedBiyta htfeei .n saalm p(l1e2 d4)i nE xperim2e,tn hte
-1-
resul(tPS< 0�w0e5r)fe o,r w;h olwee ig(hgot y steCr>1M),M B,s hehlelih gt
C>M>MBs,h elleln gCt,Mh > MBs,h edlelp tCh> M,M B,d rsyh ewleli ght
(go ysteCr>lM),M B,a ndf odrr ym eawte ig(hgot y ster,1b)u ttCh >eM MB
grouwpa sn osti gnifidciaffnetr(lePyn> t0 .t0ot5 h)oe t htewro R.e duced
shelglr owrtehl attoimv eeag tr owtihso, n eo ft hmea jofra ctionrflsu encing
conditiionnd etxh;Me B grouhpa dah igher Cmlevaotnlh abno tMh a ndC
grou(pPs< 0.w0h5i)lth,ee C lvoolfth el atswto g rouwpesr neo t
signifidciafnftleyr entb y(t Ph>fie0n .as0la5 m)p lThee. tr endisnO shell
valuweesr sei milbaultre ,sp sr onounacnedbd y,th efi nasla mple the mean
CIshevlall uweesr sei milar (SPh>e0sl.hl0a 5pw)ea. ss ignifiaclatnetrleyd
sucthh athteM Bg rouhpa dah igh(ePr< 0.m0e5a)cn u pi nde[x=( shell
heigxhs th ellelngOt.Ihss) h edlelp tbhu]lt o we(rP <0.m0e5a)nr oundness
inde(x=s heilelngtshhleh leli ght) cotmotp haoerth eetdrw og roups.
Throughtohueetx peritmhemene ta ng lycocgoennt deinndto dti ffer
signifi(cPa>n0t.al0my5o )n ggsrto ups.
Ther angfeo,ar v eradgaeia leyr ieaxlp osturreea tmweanstm su,ch greaitne r
Experim1(e 0n-t2 e6x%p osdu-r1te)h an in Ex2p( e0r-i7em%xe pnots ure
d-1B)y.t hfei nsaalm pilnEe x perim1e,tn htme e awnh olwee ighsth,e ll
heigshhte,ll eln gsthhe,l l adneddp rtysh h ewleli gohfst u btid(a0l%
exposdu-rL1e; g rouopy)s tweerrshe i gh(ePr< O.t0h5at)nh ohseel adt2 6%
exposdu-1r( eH g roupB)e.c autsheed irrym eawte ighwtesr e similar
(P>O.t0h5He) g,r oudpe veloaph eidg h(ePr< OOS.m)e aCnl voaln dC lshell
thathne L grouTph.eH grouhpa da h igh(ePr< 0.m0e5a)cn upi ndebxu t
lowe(rP <O.mOeSa)rn o undniensdsec xo mparteotd h Le g rouapn,dt he
meagnl ycocgoennt oefnt thH e g rouwpa sh igh(ePr< O.tOhSai)nn t hLe
group.
Aerieaxlp osluerveeo lf0s % e xposdu-r(1eL g roucpo)m par7e%de xposure
d-1( Hg roudpi)nd o sti gnifiacfafn(etPcl>t0y0 5 .t)h mee anw holwee ight,
shehleli gshhte,dl elp tdhr,sy h ell woerdi rgymhe ta wte igihntd ices,
althotuhgsehh elleln gotfth h He grouwpa sh igh(ePr< 0.t0h5at)nh aotft he
L groubpyt hfei nsaalm pilnEe x perim2e.Cn otm parteotd h Le g roup, the
H grouhpa dh ighbeurnt,o sti gnifidciafnfte(lrPye> n0t. m0e5a)nC, l voaln d
CIshienldli caensdw, e rsel ighrtoluyn dbeurlt e scsu ppeidns hapTeh.eH
groudpi dh aves iag nifihciagnh(tePlr<y O .mOeSa)ng lycocgoennt benytt h e
lassatm ple.
-i-i
.
.
resw(tPs<0.w0e5r)ef ,o wrh;o lwee ig(hgot y steCr>lM),M B,s hehleli ght
C>M>MBs,h elleln gCt,Mh > MBs,h edlelp th C>MMB,,d rsyh ewleli ght
(go ysteCr>lM),M B,a ndf odrr ym eawte ig(hgot y steCr>lM)b uthte M B
grouwpa sn osti gnifidciafnfte(lrPye> n0t.t 0ot5 h)oe t htewro R.e duced
sheglrlo wrthe lattiomv eeag tr owtihso, n eo ft hmea jofra ctionrflsu encing
conditiionnd etxh;Me B grouhpa da h ighmeera Cnl votlh anb otMh a ndC
grou(pPs< 0.w0h5i)lth,ee C lvoolfth el atwsot grouwpesr neo t
signifidciafnfte(lrPye> n0t.b 0yt5 h)fie n asla mplTeh.etr endisnO shell
valuweesr sei milbaulrte, s psr onounacnedbd y,t hfien asla mpthleem ean
CIshevlall uweesr sei mi(lPa>r0 .S0h5e)l.l wsahsas pieg nifiaclatnetrleyd
sucthh atthM eB grouhpa dah igh(ePr< 0.m0e5a)cn u pi nde[x=( shell
heigxhs th elleln g0t./h5s )h edlelp tbhu]lt o we(rP0 <.0m5e)a nr oundness
inde(xs helleln gth/hsehieglhlt ) cotmotp haoert ehtdew ro g roups.
=
Throughtohueetx peritmhemene ta gnl ycogen dciondno tdtei nffetr
signifi(cPa0>n.t0al5my)o ngst groups.
Ther angfeo,ar v eradgaeia leyr ieaxlp osturreea tmweanstm su,c hg reater in
Experim1e n(t0 -e2x6p%o sdu-r1te)h ainnE xperim2(e 0n-t7 e%x posure
d-lB)y.t hfei nsaalm pilneE xperim1e,tn htme e awnh olwee ighsth,e ll
heigshhte,ll eln gsthhe,dl elp tahn dd rys newleli gohfst u bti(d0a%l
exposdu-1rL;e g rouopy)s tweerrshe i gher (tPh<a0tn.h 0o5hs)ee l adt2 6%
exposdu-1r( eH g roupB)e.c autsheed irrym eawte ighwtesrs ei milar
(P>0.t0h5He) g,r oudpe veloaph eidg h(ePr< 0.m0e5a)Cn l voaln dC lshell
thatnh Le g rouTph.eH grouhpa dah igh(ePr< 0.m0e5a)cn upi ndebxu t
lowe(rP <0.m0e5a)rn o undnessc oimnpdaertxeo td h Le g rouapn,dt he
meang lycocgoennt oefnt thH e grouwpa sh igh(ePr< 0.t0h5ai)nn t hLe
group.
Aerieaxlp osluerveeo lf0s % e xposdu-1r( eLg roucpo)m parede x7p%o sure
d-1( Hg roudpi)nd o sti gnifiacffaen(ctPtl> y0 .t0h5me)e anw holwee ight,
shehleli gshhte,dl elp tdhr,ys hewleli gohrtd rym eawte igihntd ices,
althoutghhse h elleln gotfth h He grouwpa sh igh(ePr< O.tOhSat)nh aotft he
L groubpyt hfei nsaalm pilneE xperim2e.Cn otm parteotd h Le g roup, the
H grouhpa dh ighbeurtn, o sti gnifidciafnfte(lrPye> nOt. mOeSa)Cn,l voaln d
CIshienldli caensdw, e rsel ighrtoluyn dbeurtl escsu ppeidns hape.H The
.
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groudpi dh aves iag nifihciagnhtelry O (SmP)e< aOgn.l ycocgoennt benytt h e
lassta mple.
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In neitehxepre ridmiesdnh te alblr asoirao enr ieaxlp oshuarveae c onsistent
effoencg to nadde velopmoersn etgx,r ourpa t(imoa lfee:m ale:
indeterminate).
Thisstu dyh assh own sthheaaltbl r asion csahne glrrleo twatbrhud,t
improthveeC lvoCll,s haenldcl u pi ndefxoP ra cifiocy stwehrisc hha ve
substanstihaelfrl illlp ritooar b rasiTohner. o undniensdsea xn dg lycogen
contehnotw,e vweer,rn eo itm provIendc.r ealseevdeo lfas e rieaxlp osure
letdoan improvgeldy cocgoennt ecnotm,p arteosd u btiodyaslt ers.
Increasleedv eolfes x poswuirlaell sroe tasrhdeg lrlo wtbhu,wt i lilmp rove
thea volC,l shaenldcl u pi ndebxu,nt o tth reo undneisnsd eAxs.s ucthh ey
areu sefmualn agemteonotl s budton otpthr eoym oftaes tmeerag tr owth.
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�cknowl�dgements
l,wisthoth ankm ys upervDirGs roerMg a guifroehr i csr itgiuciadla nce,
encourageamnedpn att ieMnyc ger.e attehsatn kst ohg ioma ,n Cdh riisnte
Magui.r e
Iam vergyr atetfoCu oll ainnSd u eD ykea,n Pde tearnJ da Cnh eww hog ave
men umeroouyss tfeortrsh isustd yt,h ues oef t heliera saensd equipment,
andp rovitdheedtii mrea nde xpertTihsisesut. d yw oulndo hta vbee en
posbsliwei thoyuotus ru ppoThratn.k sa lstoHo a ydeDny kea nTdi m
McM annus for abs ueiclodrniadnc hgke igahtet a chl eathseeh, a rwdo rikn
getttihneegx perimseeuntpt ,s tahnrede gutleamrp eramtounriet oarnidn g
colleocftiw oant esra mples.
Iw asa wardtewd'o s tea'rrg tranftrso tmh Uen iverosTfi atsym anainad,
furthseurp portp rwoavsib dyet dhN ea tioKneayCl e nrtef oTre achianngd
ReseairAncq hu acultCuorleai.nn Sd u eD ykea,n Rdo geCra lvearlts o
provimdoende tdaornyai tonssu;p pogrrte aatplpyr eciCaotleSidun.m ner,
alownigt thh fea rmearbso vmee ntioanlespdor ovicdreidt ical input.
Spectihaaln tkAosd elaen Gdr eKge nwth,o h elpoepde ann dm easutrheo se
thousaonfod yss tearnsda, l shoe lpmeedt os tasya nweh ildeo inigt .
StephHeinn drudmi tdh gel ycogen aTnhaalnykassle stsoJo. a nGer iffith
focrr itriecvailoe ftw h Ien troduscetcitooinfto hni msa nusc.r ipt
Thitsh esiisdse dicattome ydm othEenrg eliOe'nMae lmeyys ,i sSetreern a
.
whoh aasl wabyese bny m ys idmey,g oofdr ieDnedba ,n dm yo thferri ends
whol uckairlteyo nou merotuoms e ntiThoann.k y oua ll yfoourr support
ande ncouragement.
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Cont'eftfS'
i
Abstract
iv
Acknowledgements
v
Contents
viii
LisotfF igures
xi
Listo fT ables
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Review 1
1.1.P1r oducatinodnv aluPea cioffoi ycs ters 1
1.1.2T axonoamnydd itrsibution 1
1.1.3S in-gleseed 3
1.1.4S itsee lieocnt 5
1.15. Factoafrfse cmtairnkgbe itlaiotfPy a ciofyisct er9s
11..6 Effeocfcts u lture teocnth hnpeie qrufeosr mance
oPfa ciofyisct .e rs 12
1.1.6.S1t ockdienngs ity 12
1.1.6.D2e groef�ee rieaxlp osure 13
11..6.3S healblr asion 15
1.2 Summarayn da imosft hisst ud.y 19
2. Materialasn dM ethods 21
2.1 Duratioofne xpiemrenstist,e s, ecquulitpumreen t and
experimoeynsttaelr s 21
2.2 Treatme.n ts 25
2.2.1S healblr asiporno cedures 25
2.2.2S tockdienngs iatnidae esr eixalp osluervee ls2 8
23. Samplirnegg im.e 28
2.4A biotmieca surements 29
2.4.W1a tetre mperaatnudsr ael inity 29
2.4.A2e rieaxlp osure 29
2.5B iotmieca surements 30
2.15 .Surviv.a l 30
" 2.5.W2h olwee igahntds heglrlo wth 30
25..3 Meagt rowth 32
2.5.4C onditiionnd ices 32
2..55 Shapien dices 33
25..6 Glycogceonn tent 33
2.5.G7a metogenesis 33
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MaterainalMdse tho(dcso ntinued)
2.
2.5.8S helf life . 34
35
2.6 Statistiacnaall yses
3. Results 37
Experime1n t
3.1 Abiotimce asurements 37
3.1.1W atetre mperataunrdse a ltiyn i 37
3.1.2A erieaxlp osu.r e 37
3.2 Biotimce asurements 37
3.2.1S urvival 37
3.2.2G rowth 38
3.2.2W.h1o lwee ighatn ds heglrlo wth 38
3.2.2M.e2a tw eight 39
3.2.3C onditioinn dices 39
3.2.3V.o1l umceo nditiinodne x 39
3.2.3S.h2e lclo nditiinodne x 39
3.2..4S. h apien dices 40
3.2.4R.o1u ndneisnsd ex 40
3.2.4C.u2p i ndex' 40
3.2.5G lycogen content 40
3.2.6G ametogenesis 41
Experim2e nt
3.3 Abiotmieca surements 64
3.3.1W atetre mperataunrsse a linity 64
3.3.2Ae rieaxlp osu.r e 64
3.4 Biotmieca surements 64
3.4.1S urvival 64
3.4.2Gr owth 65
3.4.2.Wh1o lew eighatn ds heglrlo wth 65
3..42.2M eatg rowth 66
3.4.3C onditiionnd ices 67
3..43.1V olumceo nditiinodne x 67
3.4.3.Sh2e lclo ndtii oinn dex 67
3.4.4S hapien dices 67
3.4.4.Ro1u ndneisnsd ex 68
3.4.4.Cu2p i ndex 68
3.54 .Glycogceonn tent 68
3.4.6G ametogenesis 68
3.4.7Sh ellfi fe 69
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4i .;,.;tD: iscussion 97
....·�.. ". •... '.' '.�-":'--' t'
97
4.1 Survival
4.2 Wholwee igahntds heglrlo w.t h 102
112
Meagtr owth
114
4.4 Conditiinodne x
4.5 Shapien dex 118
4.6 Glycogceonn tent 122
4.7 Gametogenesis 124
4.8 Shelliff e 126
5. Conlcusions 130
Appendices 133
A Ac omparativeo ftha env aollyuscmioesn diitinodne x
(Clvaonld)t h seh ecloln diitnido(enCx I shell) 133
B Normaloifit nyi tiaanldf indaalti anE xperim1e nts
and2' 141
C Correlaantailoynos fte espn e rformianndciec es
measurienPd a ciofyisct ers 145
Growtihns helleln gatnhds hedlelp tohfP acific
D
oystienEr xsp erim1e annt2ds 149
E Additiroensaulsl htosw itnhgse h edlilm ensainodn s
shapien diocfEe xsp erim2e onyts tseurbsj etcot ed
shell atbrreaastimoenn ts 159
F Thee ffoefcs th akbiansgk eotPfsa cifoiycs toenr s
thewihro lwee igshhte,dl ilm ensainodns sh ape
indices 163
References 166
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