Effects of low crude-protein diets fortified with crystalline amino acids on growth performance and

108 Pages·2017·2.42 MB·English

Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and
Retrospective Theses and Dissertations
Dissertations
2001
Effects of low crude-protein diets fortified with
crystalline amino acids on growth performance and
nitrogen retention of broiler chicks
Kristjan Bregendahl
Iowa State University
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Recommended Citation
Bregendahl, Kristjan, "Effects of low crude-protein diets fortified with crystalline amino acids on growth performance and nitrogen
retention of broiler chicks " (2001).Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 414.
https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/414
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Effects of low crude-protein diets fortified with crystalline amino acids on
growth performance and nitrogen retention of broiler chicks
by
Kristjan Bregendahl
A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Major: Animal Nutrition
Major Professor: Dean R. Zimmerman
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
2001
UMI Number: 3003228
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Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company.
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ii
Graduate College
Iowa State University
This is to certify that the Doctoral Dissertation of
Kristjan Bregendahl
has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University
Signature was redacted for privacy.
6m ttee MerifEer
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Committee Member
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MaiafProfessor
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F r the Graduate College
iii
To my grandparents, Esther and Poul Norgaard,
who taught me the importance of all things in nature,
inspiring me to pursue a life in science.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
ABSTRACT viii
LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Introduction 1
Net energy 3
Minimum dietary crude protein levels and nonessential amino acids 5
Essential amino acids 9
Dietary electrolyte balance 11
Glutamine, asparagine, and polyamines 13
Intact protein, peptides, and free amino acids 17
Bioavailability and biological value 21
OBJECTIVE OF THE DISSERTATION RESEARCH 23
MATERIALS AND METHODS 27
Material and methods common to all four experiments 27
Diet formulation 28
Whole-body homogenizing and sampling 29
Whole-body composition, nitrogen retention, nitrogen utilization, and
nitrogen excretion 29
Mortality 30
Experiment 1 31
Diets 31
Statistical analysis 33
Experiment 2 33
Diets 35
Statistical analysis 37
Experiment 3 37
Statistical analysis 42
Experiment 4 42
Statistical analysis 44
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 47
Experiment 1 47
Experiment 2 54
Experiment 3 58
Experiment 4 65
General discussion 70
Dietary amino acid concentrations 71
Growth factors in intact-protein sources 72
Net energy 73
Intact protein versus free amino acids 78
Energetic cost of amino acid absorption 81
Conclusion and implications 82
APPENDIX 84
LITERATURE CITED 88
V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADFI Average daily feed intake
ADG Average daily gain
ANOVA Analysis of variance
AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists
Asn Asparagine
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
BV Biological value
BW Body weight
cAA Crystalline amino acids
CI Chloride
CP Crude protein
CP CP
KAAI T.,,.,, Ratio of crude protein from essential amino acids to total crude protein
d Day
dEB Dietary electrolyte balance
DFMO Difluoromethylornithine
DM Dry matter
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
EAA Essential amino acid
G:F Gain-to-teed ratio; feed utilization
Gin Glutamine
h Hour
H Hydrogen
K Potassium
vi
kcal Kilocalories
L Linear contrast
LSD Least significant difference
Meal Megacalories
ME Metabolizable energy
ME,, Nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy
Min Minute
m M Millimolar
N Nitrogen
Na Sodium
NE Net energy
NEAA Nonessential amino acid
NRC National Research Council
ODC Ornithine decarboxylase
P Probability
PER Protein efficiency ratio
RNA Ribonucleic acid
Q Quadratic contrast
SAM S-Adenosinemethionine
SBM Soybean meal
SE Standard error
TAC Triammonium citrate
TCA cycle Tricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycle
V . Maximal rate
M1X
vs Versus
\vk Week