Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems and Communities (Fish and Aquatic Resources)

333 Pages·1999·2.23 MB·English

by  Stephen Hall

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title : The Effects of Fisheries On Marine Ecosystems and
Communities
author : Hall, Stephen J.
publisher : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
isbn10 | asin :
print isbn13 : 9780632041121
ebook isbn13 : 9780632062881
language : English
subject Fisheries--Environmental aspects, Marine ecology, Fish
communities.
publication date : 1998
lcc : QH545.F33H35 1998eb
ddc : 577.7/27
subject : Fisheries--Environmental aspects, Marine ecology, Fish
communities.
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Page iii
The Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems and Communities
Stephen J. Hall
Professor of Marine Biology
The Flinders University of South Australia

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Page iv
© 1999 by
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A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
ISBN 0-632-04112-9
Library of Congress
Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hall, Stephen, J.
The effects of fisheries on ecosystems and
communities/Stephen J. Hall.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-632-04112-9
1. Fisheries Environmental aspects.
2.Marine ecology. 3. Fish communities.
I.Title.
QH545.F33H35 1998
577.7'27 dc21 98-28325
CIP

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Page v
To Lynda, Patrick and Daniel for making me keep a healthy balance
between work and play

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Page vii
CONTENTS
Series Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xxi
Part 1
Direct Effects on Populations
1 3
Trends in World Fisheries and the Essence of the Problem
3
1.1 A Brief History
5
1.2 The Current Status of World Fisheries
7
1.3 The Essence of the Fisheries Management Problem
9
1.4 Biological Objectives for Fisheries
11
Why is it so Difficult to Achieve the Biological Objectives?
11
1.5 Economic and Social Objectives
14
1.6 A Changing Emphasis
2 16
By-Catch and Discards
16
2.1 Overall Levels of by-Catch and Discards
16
Definition of Terms
16
Finfish and Shellfish
21
Sharks
22
Marine Mammals
25
Turtles
27
Seabirds
33
Benthic Scavengers
34
2.2 Effects on Populations
35
Elasmobranchs
37
Marine Mammals
39
Turtles
41
Seabirds
45
Benthic Scavengers
45
2.3 Conclusions
3 48
Effects of Trawling and Dredging on the Seabed
49
3.1 Which Gears Cause the Problem?
49
3.2 Measuring Mortality Rates
53
3.3 Population Consequences
53
Estimating Vulnerability

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Page viii
55
Long-Term Trends
60
3.4 A Boom for Scavengers?
61
3.5 Comparative and Experimental Studies
62
Comparative Approaches
65
Experimental Approaches for Trawl Fisheries
65
Northern Europe
69
Australasia
74
Experimental Approaches for Shellfish Fisheries
79
3.6 Disturbance Effects in Context
82
The Fallacy of Natural Variation
83
3.7 Appropriate Measures of Fishing Effort: A Perennial Problem
87
3.8 Conclusions
88
What Did Benthic Systems Use to Look Like?
89
Habitat Modification and Fishery Yields
90
The Research Agenda
4 91
Fishing at the Coastal Margins
91
4.1 Rocky Shores
91
Human Trampling
93
Divers in the Rocky Sub-Tidal Areas
94
4.2 Tidal Flats
95
Shellfish Harvesting
99
Bait Digging
101
4.3 Coral Reefs
102
4.4 Conclusions
102
Rocky Shores
103
Tidal Flats
104
Coral Reefs
Part 2
Species Interactions
5 111
The Responses of Predators, Prey and Competitors to the Removal of Target Species
111
5.1 Top-Down Control: The Effects on Prey of Removing Predators
111
Mackerel and Herring
113
Top-Down Control in the Baltic
116
Sharks in Natal
117
Responses in the Benthos
118
Predation and Trophic Cascades
125
Speculations on the Black Sea
126
5.2 Harvesting Lower in the Food Web: The Effects of Prey Removal
127
The Shetland Sandeel Debate
129
5.3 Species Replacements and Other Competitive Effects
129
Sardine and Anchovy

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