Effects of exercise accumulation on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations

156 Pages·2009·0.5 MB·English

WAGGANER, JASON DANIEL, Ph.D. Effects of Exercise Accumulation on Plasma
Lipid and Lipoprotein Concentrations. (2009)
Directed by Dr. Paul G. Davis. 146 pp.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a single session of
exercise versus accumulated sessions of exercise on plasma lipid and lipoprotein
concentrations. Twelve young (22.5±2.5 years, mean±SEM), overweight (body mass
index=29.7±3.9 kg.m-2), sedentary participants performed, in random order, a single
exercise session (treadmill exercise at 60% maximal oxygen consumption for 90
minutes), accumulated exercise sessions (the same protocol as above for three
consecutive days), and a control session (no exercise for six consecutive days). Blood
samples taken immediately before each exercise/control session, and at 24, 48 and 72
after exercise were analyzed for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and
triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures
ANOVA, based upon a priori analyses (i.e., pre versus post-exercise time points) both
within and across protocols. Significant interactions and main effects were analyzed
using post-hoc paired samples T-tests. Statistical significance was set at the 0.05 level.
The three exercise session protocol produced significant elevations in HDL-C
concentrations 24 and 48 hours post-exercise, compared to the control. Additionally,
there was a significant time by trial interaction for HDL-C, with concentrations elevated
at 48 hours post-exercise for the three exercise session protocol compared to the single
session. A significant percentage change reduction in TG concentration was observed
after the three exercise session protocol compared to the control. These results suggest
that, in young, overweight, sedentary individuals, accumulating three consecutive 90-
minute sessions of exercise is more effective in improving plasma HDL-C and TG
concentrations when compared to a single session of exercise. In summary, these results
support the additive benefits of exercise and justifies future exercise training studies
aimed at determining the exact manner in which to accumulate exercise sessions (e.g.,
every day, every other day, etc.) in an effort to most effectively improve an individual’s
lipid and lipoprotein profile.
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ACCUMULATION ON PLASMA LIPID AND

LIPOPROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS

By

Jason Daniel Wagganer

A Dissertation Submitted to
the Faculty of The Graduate School at
The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy

Greensboro
2009

Approved by

________________________
Committee Chair
APPROVAL PAGE

This dissertation was approved by the following committee of the Faculty of

the Graduate School of The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

Committee Chair_____________________________________

Committee Members_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________
Date of Acceptance by Committee

_____________________________
Date of Final Oral Examination

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to thank god for giving me the opportunity and ability
to complete this dissertation. I am truly blessed for what I have been given.
Most importantly, I must thank my amazing wife Sara, for providing the
encouragement, support, patience, understanding, and assistance throughout our lives
together and especially during my doctoral studies. I am simply unable to fully express how
grateful and blessed I am to have such a wonderful woman in my life now, and forever. I
would also like to acknowledge two other strong motivators for me to complete my
dissertation studies, my handsome sons, Benjamin and Jamison.
I would like to thank my committee members including Drs. Laurie Wideman-Gold,
Terry Ackerman, and Allan Goldfarb, with a special thanks to my advisor, Dr. Paul Davis,
for the extensive time and guidance they have provided during my graduate work as well as
throughout my dissertation research. I would also like to thank Charlie Robison for his
assistance with data collection and blood analyses.
I would like to acknowledge the financial support of this research provided by the
Susan B. Stout Graduate Research Fellowship.
Lastly, I would like to thank my parents, Danny and Janet Wagganer, for instilling
within me the work ethic and discipline to capitalize on all of my attributes and to constantly
work towards my goals. For this I am forever indebted.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. viii
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................ 4
Specific Aims ................................................................................................... 4
Significance of the Study ................................................................................. 6
Limitations ....................................................................................................... 6
Delimitations .................................................................................................... 7
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE................................................................................. 9
Introduction ...................................................................................................... 9
Cholesterol Transport.......................................................................................11
Forward Cholesterol Transport ............................................................13
Reverse Cholesterol Transport .............................................................19
Effects of Physical Activity on Lipoprotein Metabolism ................................24
Aerobic Exercise Training ...............................................................................28
Changes in TCHL and LDL-C Concentrations ...................................29
Changes in HDL-C and TG Concentrations ........................................30
Single-Sessions of Exercise .............................................................................38
Changes in TCHL and LDL-C Concentrations ...................................40
Changes in HDL-C and TG Concentrations ........................................41
Acute Augmented Exercise Response .............................................................52
III. METHODS AND PROCEDURES .......................................................................62
Subjects ............................................................................................................62
Pre-Study Screening .........................................................................................63
Maximal Exercise Testing ...............................................................................64
Submaximal Exercise Protocols ......................................................................67
Dietary Records ...............................................................................................72
Handling and Analysis of Blood Samples .......................................................72
Statistical Analysis ...........................................................................................73

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IV. RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 75
Subjects ................................................................................................. 75
Dietary Data .......................................................................................... 77
Submaximal Treadmill Sessions ........................................................... 77
Blood Variables .................................................................................... 82
One Exercise Session Data ................................................................... 82
Three Exercise Sessions Data ............................................................... 84
Control Session Data............................................................................. 87
One Exercise Session Versus Three Exercise Sessions Data ............... 87
Average Post-Exercise Concentration Changes .................................... 88

V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................. 96
HDL-C Concentrations ..................................................................................... 97
TG Concentrations ............................................................................................104
TCHL and LDL-C Concentrations ...................................................................108
Summary ...........................................................................................................110

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................113
APPENDIX A. RECRUITMENT FLYER ...........................................................................127
APPENDIX B. DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE ....................................................128
APPENDIX C. HEALTH HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE..................................................129
APPENDIX D. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................131
APPENDIX E. INFORMED CONSENT FORM .................................................................133
APPENDIX F. MEDICAL RELEASE FORM ....................................................................136
APPENDIX G. SUBJECT DATA FORM............................................................................139
APPENDIX H. RATING OF PERCEIVED EXERTION SCALE ......................................140
APPENDIX I. STUDY PROCEDURES (PRE-STUDY SCREENING) .............................141
APPENDIX J. STUDY PROCEDURES (MAXIMAL EXERCISE VISIT) .......................142
APPENDIX K. VO TEST DATA FORM ......................................................................143
2max
APPENDIX L. 60% VO DATA FORM .........................................................................144
2max
v
APPENDIX M. STUDY PROCEDURES (EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE SESIONS) ....145
APPENDIX N. FOOD DIARY DATA FORM ....................................................................146

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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1. Apolipoproteins ........................................................................................................12
Table 2. The Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on TG and HDL-C
Concentrations ........................................................................................................33
Table 3. The Effects of Single Sessions of Exercise on TG and HDL-C
Concentrations ........................................................................................................43
Table 4. The Effects of Acute Accumulated Sessions of Exercise on TG
and HDL-C Concentrations ....................................................................................59
Table 5. Descriptive Characteristics .......................................................................................76
Table 6. Dietary Data Analysis ...............................................................................................78
Table 7. Performance Data during Submaximal Treadmill Exercise .....................................81
Table 8. Plasma Volume Correction Data ..............................................................................83
Table 9. One Exercise Session Data .......................................................................................85
Table 10. Three Exercise Sessions Data .................................................................................86
Table 11. Control Session Data ..............................................................................................88

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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. Forward Cholesterol Transport ................................................................................18
Figure 2. Reverse Cholesterol Transport ................................................................................25
Figure 3. Acute Augmented Exercise Response .....................................................................55
Figure 4. Experimental Protocols ...........................................................................................69
Figure 5. One Versus Three Exercise Sessions Means + SEM ..............................................89
Figure 6. Average Post-Exercise Concentration Changes Means + SEM ..............................91
Figure 7. Pre Versus Peak Post-Exercise Percentage Changes Mean + SEM ........................92
Figure 8. Triglycerides Percentage Change Post-hoc Analysis (3 Exercise Sessions) ...........94
Figure 9. Triglycerides Percentage Change Post-hoc Analysis (Control Session) .................95
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