Table Of ContentEffective Waste Management
and Circular Economy
Effective Waste Management and Circular Economy: Legislative Framework and Strategies is an
invaluable resource for researchers, policymakers, implementers and PhD, graduate and Under Graduate
level students in universities and colleges analysing the legal framework, strategies in waste manage-
ment, circular economy adoption, use of mathematical and statistical modelling in setting waste man-
agement strategies, sanitation and Hygiene in waste management. While huge wastes are wasted by
dumping, there is a potential for resource circulation by enforcing legislative framework for effective
resource utilisation and creating business opportunities. The circularity of resources in waste streams
can contribute to a more secure, sustainable and economically sound future through the followings:
• Effective legal framework, strategies and policy instruments,
• Adoption of circular economy and recycling technologies,
• Support of IoT and appropriate decision making and modelling,
• Adoption of alternatives to plastics and other hazardous materials,
• Economic feasibility as business case, commercialisation, generating employment.
This book addresses most of the above issues in a lucid manner by experts in the field from different coun-
tries, which are helpful for the related stakeholders, edited by experts in the field.
Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, Professor at Jadavpur University, internationally well-known expert working in
varied interdisciplinary fields including waste management having research collaboration in 40 countries.
Sasmita Samanta, Pro-Vice Chancellor, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
having research experience in management and academic administration.
Harish Hirani, Director at CSIR-CMERI, Durgapur, having wider fields of research in IIT Delhi with
a number of research collaboration.
Carlos Roberto Vieira da Silva, Director, Presidente, ABRELPE, Sao Paulo/SP – Brazil and Presidente,
International Solid Waste Association, the Netherlands has experience in working on a number of interna-
tional projects.
The Circular Economy in Sustainable Solid and
Liquid Waste Management
Series Editor:
Dr. Sadhan Kumar Ghosh,
Professor, Mechanical Engineering, & Chief Coordinator, Centre for Sustainable
Development and Resource Efficiency Management, Jadavpur University, Kolkata,
India President, International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW)
Biomethane through Resource Circularity: Research, Technology and Practices
Edited by Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, Michael Nelles, H.N. Chanakya, and
Debendra Chandra Baruah
The Circular Economy in Construction Industry
Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, Sannidhya Kumar Ghosh, Benu Gopal Mohapatra, and
Ronald L. Mersky
Effective Waste Management and Circular Economy:
Legislative Framework and Strategies
Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, Sasmita Samanta, Harish Hirani, and Carlos Roberto Vieira da Silva
For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/The-Circular-Economy-
in-Sustainable-Solid-and-Liquid-Waste-Management/book-series/CESSLWM
Effective Waste Management
and Circular Economy
Legislative Framework and Strategies
Edited by
Prof. Dr. Sadhan Kumar Ghosh
Professor, Mechanical Engineering, & Chief Coordinator, Centre for Sustainable
Development and Resource Efficiency Management, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
700032, India
Founder & President, International Society of Waste Management, Water and
Water (ISWMAW)
Prof. Dr. Sasmita Samanta
Pro-Vice Chancellor, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Prof. Dr. Harish Hirani,
Director, CSIR-CMERI, Durgapur, India
Mr. Carlos Roberto Vieira da Silva
Director, Presidente, ABRELPE, Sao Paulo/SP - Brazil & Presidente, ISWA -
International Solid Waste Association, Netherlands
MATLAB• is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the
accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB• software or related products does
not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the
MATLAB• software.
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, [Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, Sasmita Samanta, Harish Hirani and Carlos Roberto Vieira da
Silva]; individual chapters, the contributors
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and p ublishers have
attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright
holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged
please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission
from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the
Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not
available on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Ghosh, Sadhan K. (Sadhan Kumar) editor. | Samanta, Sasmita Rani, editor. | Hirani, Harish, editor.
Title: Effective waste management and circular economy : legislative framework and strategies / edited by Prof. Dr. Sadhan
Kumar Ghosh, Professor, Mechanical Engineering, & Chief Coordinator, Centre for Sustainable Development and Resource
Efficiency Management, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, Prof. Dr. India Sasmita Samanta, Pro-Vice Chancellor, KIIT Deemed
to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, Prof. Dr. Harish Hirani, Director, CSIR-CMERI, Durgapur, India, Mr. Carlos
Roberto Vieira da Silva, Director, Presidente, ABRELPE, Sao Paulo/SP - Brazil & Presidente, ISWA—International Solid
Waste Association, Netherlands.
Description: First Edition. | Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2023. |
Series: The circular economy in sustainable solid and liquid waste management | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022005843 (print) | LCCN 2022005844 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032137254 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032139463
(paperback) | ISBN 9781003231608 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Refuse and refuse disposal. | Circular economy. | Recycling (Waste, etc.)—Law and legislation.
Classification: LCC HD4482.E44 2023 (print) | LCC HD4482 (ebook) | DDC 363.72/82—dc23/eng/20220428
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022005843
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022005844
ISBN: 9781032137254 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032139463 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003231608 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003231608
Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
Contents
Foreword and Introduction .......................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................xi
Editors .....................................................................................................................................................xiii
Contributors ...........................................................................................................................................xvii
Section I Legal Framework, Strategies in Waste
Management and Circular Economy
1. Pollution-Specific Appraisal of Surface Water Quality with Limited Resource
Approach: A Meso-Scaled Study of the Durgapur Industrial Region, West Bengal, India .....3
Suman Chatterjee and Kaniska Sarkar
2. Emissions from the Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste: Effects of Legal and
Technological Progress ..................................................................................................................19
Francesco Di Maria
3. Legislative Support to Curb Marine Littering through Wastes Co-processing by
Promoting Circular Economy .......................................................................................................27
Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, Sourya Subhra Chakraborty, Tejashwi Rana, Kare H. Karstensen,
and Palash Kumar Saha
4. Waste Segregation at the Source in Germany: A Key Component of Sustainable Waste
Management Systems .....................................................................................................................43
Michael Nelles, Jan Sprafke, Isabell Eickhoff, and Gert Morscheck
5. A Study on the Legal and Administrative Support for Proper Management of
World-Famous Shri Jagannath Temple at Puri ..........................................................................53
Sasmita Samanta, R.K. Nanda, and P. Rautaray
6. Gate-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrothermal Carbonization Process for Food
and Yard Waste ..............................................................................................................................65
Saikrishna Venna, Sagarika Panigrahi, Hari Prasad Reddy, and Brajesh Kumar Dubey
7 Waste Monitoring and Management: Strategies, Innovations and Safety Considerations ....77
V.P. Sharma
8. Waste Management Strategy of SME Sector towards Environmental Sustainability ............83
Ipsita Saha, Amit Kundu, and Sadhan Kumar Ghosh
9. A Robotic Trajectory Planning Technique for Smooth Maneuvering of Autonomous
Waste-Management Equipment ...................................................................................................89
Bhaskar Guin, Tarun Kanti Naskar, and Nipu Modak
v
vi Contents
Section II Circular Economy Adoption in Waste Management
10. Sustainable Waste Management towards Circular Economy in Nigerian Context:
Challenges, Prospects and Way Forward ..................................................................................103
Oluwadare Joshua Oyebode
11. Indonesia Main (City-L evel) Waste Bank for Waste Management toward Circular
Economy: A Case Study of Bandung City ..................................................................................111
Ratnawati Kusuma Jaya and Sari Viciawati Machdum
12. Sustainable Methodology for Mechanised Segregation of Legacy Waste and
Reclamation of Landfill Area ......................................................................................................125
Harish Hirani
Section III Use of Mathematical and Statistical Modelling
in Setting Waste Management Strategies
13. Phenol Adsorption by Biological and Industrial Wastes and ANN Modeling ........................141
Ashanendu Mandal, Nirjhar Bar, and Sudip Kumar Das
14. Achieving Consistency of Judgment Matrix in Analytical Hierarchy Process ......................157
Bhupendra K. Sharma and Munish K. Chandel
15. Approach for Indexing Site Selection Criteria and Its Suitability for Treatment
Storage and Disposal Facility .......................................................................................................167
Swathy Sadala, Saikat Dutta, B. Chakradhar, T. Vijaya Lakshmi, and T.S. Sasi Jyothsna
16. Using a Composite Index to Assess the Sustainable Urban Access to Basic Services and
Solid-Waste Management .............................................................................................................179
Sudha Panda and Sukanya Dasgupta
17. Adsorption of Ammonia Using Cost-Effective Waste Camellia sinensis: Comparison of
Linear and Nonlinear Regression Methods by Error Analysis ................................................191
Baisali Rajbansi and Rajdeep Mullick
18. A Decision Support System for Environment-Friendly Sustainable Model of IT Service
Sector Industries ..........................................................................................................................201
Ipsita Saha, Amit Kundu, and Sadhan Kumar Ghosh
Section IV Case Studies on WM, Sanitation and Hygiene
19. Synergistic Interaction among Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) for
Sustainable Solid-Waste Management ........................................................................................211
Kaveti Anithamma, N. Niranjan Kumar, S.V. Satyanarayana, and Dilip Kumar Behara
20. Challenges to Ensure Healthy Living through Sanitation and Hygiene Coverage: Study
on Narail District, Bangladesh ....................................................................................................223
Moshiur Rahman and Parimal Kumar Roy
Contents vii
21. Circular Economy of Agriculture Wastes in Plastic Alternatives for Food Packaging ........233
Manal Abdel Rahman Sorour, Marwa Mohamed Helmy, Amira Sabet El-mahrouky,
Aml Salah Elnawawy, and Salwa Raafat Mostafa
22. Meta-Analysis of Studies on Solid Waste Management in the Philippines ............................243
Lynlei L. Pintor and Arlen A. Ancheta
23. Management of Urban Flood-Induced Solid Waste in Some Metropolitan Cities:
An Overview .................................................................................................................................255
Tanmoy Majumder, Paromita Chakraborty, and Bitanjaya Das
24. Study of Some Polymeric Coagulants Using Spent Tea Leaves as a Source of Natural
Dye Supporting Circular Economy Concepts ...........................................................................267
Ritwija Bhattacharya, Alokesh Mridha, Richa Sen, Aniruddha Mukhopadhyay,
Debasish Das, and Pritha Bhattacharjee
Index ......................................................................................................................................................275
Foreword and Introduction
The establishment of a national regulatory control program in any country with appropriate legisla-
tion, regulations, ordinances and licenses is an extremely important step for protecting human health
and the environment from the mismanagement of solid wastes. Furthermore, in the absence of regula-
tory controls, adequate treatment and disposal facilities are not developed. Environmental standards
must be rigorously enforced in order to assure the public that the solid waste systems are operated in
ways that protect human health and the environment. Many countries lack the national capacity to
handle and manage solid wastes, primarily due to inadequate infrastructure, including inadequate
facilities, lack of trained personnel, lack of information and monitoring systems, inadequate regula-
tory programs and insufficient financing. To achieve effective waste management as well as circularity
of wastes, effective and appropriate policies, strategies, modeling, objectives, targets, performance
indicators, best practices, measurement and monitoring are very much required in a country appli-
cable at all the levels.
Recycling and recovery of materials and energy from solid waste not only reduces the volume of waste
for disposal but also conserves natural resources. However, in order for recycling to be consistent with
sustainable development, it must be economically feasible. Otherwise, resources are wasted not con-
served. The elements of success of a recycling operation are the same as for any successful business; new
facilities employing these new technologies capable of meeting stringent regulatory standards must be
established and issued operating permits. Urban circular economy is one in which cities keep resources
in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and
regenerate products and materials at the end of their life. It is a more efficient and environmentally sound
alternative to the traditional linear economy model of extract-produce-consume-dispose-deplete (epcd2)
to an elevated echelon of achieving zero waste. The circular economy concept is being recognized as a
key driver for the much-wanted green transition, simultaneously enabling greater energy and material
efficiency, lower pollution and GHG emissions and job creation. According to the World Economic
Forum, moving toward a circular economy is the key, and a “trillion-dollar opportunity, with huge poten-
tial for innovation, job creation, resource conservation and economic growth”.
To address the above issues, this book, “Effective Waste Management and Circular Economy:
Legislative framework and strategies” with 24 chapters distributed in 4 different sections has been
presented with a correlation among Legislative framework, Waste Management, different types of mod-
elling and Circular Economy. This book covers four specific aspects divided into the sections, viz.,
(i) Legal Framework, Strategies in Waste Management and Circular Economy, (ii) Circular Economy
adoption in Waste Management, (iii) Use of Mathematical and Statistical Modelling in setting waste
management strategies and (iv) Case Studies on WM, Sanitation and Hygiene. Nine chapters included
in Section I, presented a meso-scaled study of the pollution-specific appraisal of surface water qual-
ity in an Industrial region in India, effects of legal and technological aspects on the emission from
incineration plants using MSW in Italy, management of temple wastes in one of the famous temples in
India, the Shree Jagannath temple at Puri, the requirements of segregation methodologies of wastes at
source in Germany. The chapter in the section also presented the new strategies adopted for solid waste
management in municipalities of odisha, India using micro-composting process, strategies, Innovations
and Safety Considerations in Waste Monitoring and Management in Lucknow, India and presented the
trajectory planning for autonomous vehicles and its implementation for effective waste management in
Kolkata, India. One chapter focuses on the waste management strategies for small and medium-sized
enterprises to achieve Environmental Sustainability. Section II has three chapters, the adoption of cir-
cular economy concepts and recycling initiatives in a few countries, namely, Nigeria, Bandung City in
Indonesia and Kolkata Metropolitan City in India have been presented by several researchers under the
section title, Circular Economy adoption in Waste Management.
ix
