Effect of a program of aerobic exercise on the smoking behaviour of a group of adult volunteers

183 Pages·2013·5.51 MB·English

INFORMATION TO USERS
This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming.
While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce
this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the
quality of the material submitted.
The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or
notations which may appear on this reproduction.
1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document
photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing
page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This
may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages
to assure complete continuity.
2. When an image on the Film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an
indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure,
duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For
blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If
copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in
the adjacent frame.
3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed,
a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is
customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to
continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary,
sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on
until complete.
4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic
means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted
into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the
Dissertations Customer Services Department.
5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best
available copy has been filmed.
University
Microfilms
International
300 N. Zeeb Road
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106
8305340
Hill, John Stanley
EFFECT OF A PROGRAM OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON THE SMOKING
BEHAVIOUR OF A GROUP OF ADULT VOLUNTEERS
The Ohio State University PH.D. 1982
University
Microfilms
International
300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106
Copyright 1982
by
Hill, John Stanley
All Rights Reserved
PLEASE NOTE:
In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy.
Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V .
1. Glossy photographs or pages______
2. Colored illustrations, paper or print______
3. Photographs with dark background______
4. Illustrations are poor copy_______
5. Pages with black marks, not original copy_____
6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page______
7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages ^
8. Print exceeds margin requirements______
9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine_______
10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print______
11. Page(s)____________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or
author.
12. Page(s)____________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows.
13. Two pages numbered_____________. Text follows.
14. Curling and wrinkled pages______
15. Other__________________________________________________________________________
University
Microfilms
International
EFFECT OF A PROGRAM OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON THE
SMOKING BEHAVIOUR OF A GROUP OF ADULT VOLUNTEERS
DISSERTATION
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate
School of The Ohio State University
By
John Stanley Hill, D.P.E., M.A.
* * * * *
The Ohio State University
1982
Reading Committee: Approved By
Dr. R. Bartels
Dr. M. K. Beyrer
Dr. R. Kaplan
Adviser '
Health Education Division
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to acknowledge with thanks the
guidance he received throughout his graduate work and
during the writing of this dissertation from his adviser,
Dr. R. Kaplan. The author is also deeply appreciative
of the time spent by Dr. A. V. Carron, University of
Western Ontario, in providing advice and professional
support.
A special word of thanks is due to the author's wife,
Muriel, whose support, encouragement, and strength made
the long trek seem much shorter.
ii
VITA
May 25, 1929 . . Born - Glasgow, Scotland
1949 D.P.E. Jordanhill College
Glasgow, Scotland.
1969 M.A. University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario.
1968-1982 Lecturer, Assistant Professor,
Associate Professor, University of
Western Ontario.
PUBLICATIONS
"Health Behaviour: The Role of Physical Activity in
Smoking Cessation." CAHPER Journal. 47: 4, March/April
1981.
"A Working Model of Personal Health." CAHPER Journal.
45: 4, March/April 1979.
"Health Education and Attitude Change." CAHPER Journal.
43: 5, May/June 1977.
FIELDS OF STUDY
Major Field: Health Education.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................... ii
V I T A ...................................................iii
LIST OF T A B L E S ..................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES........................................vii
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION ............................... 1
Need for the Study...................... 5
Statement of the Problem ............... 8
Research Hypotheses .................... 8
Limitations............................ 10
Definitions............................ 11
II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.................. 13
Positive Studies ........................ 14
Negative Studies ........................ 19
Heart Rate Studies...................... 21
Contingency Contracting ............... 23
Carbon Monoxide and Smoking ........... 27
Group Counselling...................... 29
III. METHODOLOGY................................. 33
Subjects................................. 33
Dependent Variables .................... 35
Procedure............................... 37
Design and Statistical Analysis . . . . 39
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................... 43
Descriptive Statistics .................. 43
Effectiveness of Intervention Strategy . 45
Interaction of Various Factors With
Quitting Behaviour .................... 52
Effect of Intervention Upon Physiological
F ac t o rs ............................... 57
iv
Page
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 70
APPENDIXES
A. Par-Q Questionnaire ......................... 74
B. Letter to Physician and Medical Certificate 75
C. Demographic and Smoking History
Questionnaire .............................. 77
D. Data Collection F o r m ......................... 78
E. Submaximal Bicycle Ergometer Test Protocol 80
F. Predicted Maximum Oxygen Intake
Determination .............................. 83
G. Self Motivation Inventory.....................84
H. Aerobic Training Program .................. 88
I. "Operation Kickit" ......................... 90
J. Physical Activity Inventory ................ 151
K. Duncan's Multiple Range Test .............. 154
L. Summary of Chi Square........................155
M. Letter to Subjects.......................... 156
N. Subject Consent F o r m ........................157
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 168
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Summary table of study design 40
2. Statistical profile 44
3. Summary table of analysis of variance.
Smoking behaviour score, T^ - T^ . . 159
4. Smoking behaviour scores.
Collapsed means over time 160
5. Summary table, Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
Smoking behaviour scores over time . . . . 160
6. Summary table of analysis of variance.
Age started smoking scores.(T2 ,T^,T5.) . 161
7. Summary table of analysis of variance.
Number of years smoked. (T2,T^,T^,T^.) . . 162
8. Summary table of analysis of variance.
Elapsed time since last quit. (T_,T_,T.,T_.) 163
Z J 4 b
9. Summary table of analysis of variance.
Self motivation inventory. (T0,T_,T.,T_.) . 164
A 3 4 3
10. Summary table of analysis of variance.
Resting heart rate. (T..-T,., T,-Tc.) . . . . 165
1 Z l b
11. Summary table of analysis of variance.
Maximum oxygen intake. (T,-T_, T,-T_.) . . 166
1 Z 1 b
12. Summary table of analysis of variance.
Body weight. (T,-T_, T..-T,..) 167
i z l b
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Effect of intervention strategy on smoking
behaviour score. Mean number of cigarettes
smoked per d a y ............................ 47
2. Effect of intervention strategy on smoking
behaviour - percentage of each group who
quit smoking.............................. 50
3. Analysis of variance. Age started smoking
scores with smoking behaviour and physical
activity level as independent variables . . 53
4. Analysis of variance. Resting heart rate
(T, - T_) . ' AxD' interaction............. 59
1 b
5. Analysis of variance. Maximum oxygen
intake (T^ - 1^). 'BxD' interaction . . . . 62
6. Analysis of variance. Maximum oxygen
intake (T. - T..) . 'AxD1 interaction . . . . 63
I b
7. Analysis of variance. Maximum oxygen
intake (Tn - Tc). 'BxD' interaction . . . . 65
1 b
8. Analysis of variance. Maximum oxygen
intake (T, - T_). 'AxBxD1 interaction . . . 66
1 b
9. Analysis of variance. Body weight
(Tn - T_) . 'AxD' interaction............. 69
1 D
vii