Table Of ContentThe Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
Founded by Otto Hutzinger
Editors-in-Chief: Damia` Barcelo´ Andrey G. Kostianoy
l
Volume 15
Advisory Board:
Jacob de Boer, Philippe Garrigues, Ji-Dong Gu,
Kevin C. Jones, Thomas Knepper, Alice Newton,
Donald L. Sparks
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
Recently Published and Forthcoming Volumes
Effect-DirectedAnalysisofComplex AlpineWaters
EnvironmentalContamination VolumeEditor:U.Bundi
VolumeEditor:W.Brack Vol.6,2010
Vol.15,2011
TransformationProductsofSynthetic
ChemicalsintheEnvironment
WasteWaterTreatmentandReuse
VolumeEditor:A.B.A.Boxall
intheMediterraneanRegion
Vol.2/P,2009
VolumeEditors:D.Barcelo´andM.Petrovic
Vol.14,2011
ContaminatedSediments
VolumeEditors:T.A.Kassim
TheEbroRiverBasin
andD.Barcelo´
VolumeEditors:D.Barcelo´andM.Petrovic
Vol.5/T,2009
Vol.13,2011
BiosensorsfortheEnvironmental
Polymers–OpportunitiesandRisksII: MonitoringofAquaticSystems
Sustainability,ProductDesign BioanalyticalandChemicalMethods
andProcessing forEndocrineDisruptors
VolumeEditors:P.Eyerer,M.Weller, VolumeEditors:D.Barcelo´
andC.Hu¨bner andP.-D.Hansen
Vol.12,2010 Vol.5/J,2009
EnvironmentalConsequencesofWar
Polymers–OpportunitiesandRisksI:
andAftermath
GeneralandEnvironmentalAspects
VolumeEditors:T.A.Kassim
VolumeEditor:P.Eyerer
andD.Barcelo´
Vol.11,2010
Vol.3/U,2009
ChlorinatedParaffins TheBlackSeaEnvironment
VolumeEditor:J.deBoer VolumeEditors:A.Kostianoy
Vol.10,2010 andA.Kosarev
Vol.5/Q,2008
BiodegradationofAzoDyes
VolumeEditor:H.AtacagErkurt EmergingContaminantsfromIndustrial
Vol.9,2010 andMunicipalWaste
RemovalTechnologies
WaterScarcityintheMediterranean: VolumeEditors:D.Barcelo´andM.Petrovic
PerspectivesUnderGlobalChange Vol.5/S/2,2008
VolumeEditors:S.SabaterandD.Barcelo´
FuelOxygenates
Vol.8,2010
VolumeEditor:D.Barcelo´
Vol.5/R,2007
TheAralSeaEnvironment
VolumeEditors:A.G.Kostianoy TheRhine
andA.N.Kosarev VolumeEditor:T.P.Knepper
Vol.7,2010 Vol.5/L,2006
Effect-Directed Analysis
of Complex Environmental
Contamination
Volume Editor: Werner Brack
With contributions by
Gerald T. Ankley (cid:1) Damia` Barcelo´ (cid:1) Mahmoud Bataineh (cid:1)
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Adam D. Biales Werner Brack Rikke Brix Robert M.
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Burgess John L. Durant Stephanie Franz Martin Giera
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
JohnP.Giesy MarkusHecker JosHermans MarkHewitt
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
KayT.Ho JamesR.Hockett CorineJ.Houtman Hubertus
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Irth Arthur L. Lafleur Marja Lamoree Juliette Legler
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Pim Leonards Miroslav Machala Donald I. Mount
(cid:1) (cid:1)
David R. Mount Peter von der Ohe Stefanie Rotter
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Sergi Sabater Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen Tobias Schulze
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Emma Schymanski Helmut Segner Kevin Thomas
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
NadinUlrich GiselaUmbuzeiro JanaWeiss DickdeZwart
Editor
Dr.WernerBrack
UFZHelmholtzCentreforEnvironmentalResearch
DepartmentofEffect-DirectedAnalysis
Permoserstraße15
04318Leipzig,Germany
[email protected]
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry
ISSN1867-979X e-ISSN1616-864X
ISBN978-3-642-18383-6 e-ISBN978-3-642-18384-3
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-18384-3
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011926782
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis
concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,
reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication
orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,
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areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Coverdesign:SPiPublisherServices
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Editors-in-Chief
Prof.Dr.Damia` Barcelo´ Prof.Dr.AndreyG.Kostianoy
DepartmentofEnvironmentalChemistry P.P.ShirshovInstituteofOceanology
IDAEA-CSIC RussianAcademyofSciences
C/JordiGirona18–26 36,NakhimovskyPr.
08034Barcelona,Spain 117997Moscow,Russia
and [email protected]
CatalanInstituteforWaterResearch(ICRA)
H20Building
ScientificandTechnologicalParkofthe
UniversityofGirona
EmiliGrahit,101
17003Girona,Spain
[email protected]
Advisory Board
Prof.Dr.JacobdeBoer
IVM,VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
Prof.Dr.PhilippeGarrigues
UniversityofBordeaux,France
Prof.Dr.Ji-DongGu
TheUniversityofHongKong,China
Prof.Dr.KevinC.Jones
UniversityofLancaster,UnitedKingdom
Prof.Dr.ThomasKnepper
UniversityofAppliedScience,Fresenius,Idstein,Germany
Prof.Dr.AliceNewton
UniversityofAlgarve,Faro,Portugal
Prof.Dr.DonaldL.Sparks
PlantandSoilSciences,UniversityofDelaware,USA
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The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
Also Available Electronically
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry is included in Springer’s eBook
packageEarthandEnvironmentalScience. Ifalibrarydoes notoptfor thewhole
package,thebookseriesmaybeboughtonasubscriptionbasis.
ForallcustomerswhohaveastandingordertotheprintversionofTheHandbook
ofEnvironmentalChemistry,weofferfreeaccesstotheelectronicvolumesofthe
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canstillviewthetableofcontentsofeachvolumeandtheabstractofeacharticleon
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–EditorialBoard
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–SampleContribution
atspringer.com(www.springer.com/series/698).
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Aims and Scope
Since 1980, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry has provided sound
and solid knowledge about environmental topics from a chemical perspective.
Presenting a wide spectrum of viewpoints and approaches, the series now covers
topics such as local and global changes of natural environment and climate;
anthropogenicimpactontheenvironment;water,airandsoilpollution;remediation
and waste characterization; environmental contaminants; biogeochemistry; geo-
ecology;chemicalreactionsandprocesses;chemicalandbiologicaltransformations
as well as physical transport of chemicals in the environment; or environmental
modeling. A particular focus of the series lies on methodological advances in
environmentalanalyticalchemistry.
vii
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Series Preface
Withremarkablevision,Prof. OttoHutzingerinitiatedTheHandbook ofEnviron-
mentalChemistry in1980andbecamethe foundingEditor-in-Chief.Atthattime,
environmental chemistry was an emerging field, aiming at a complete description
of the Earth’s environment, encompassing the physical, chemical, biological, and
geologicaltransformationsofchemicalsubstancesoccurringonalocalaswellasa
global scale. Environmental chemistry was intended to provide an account of the
impact of man’s activities on the natural environment by describing observed
changes.
Whileaconsiderableamountofknowledgehasbeenaccumulatedoverthelast
three decades, as reflected in the more than 70 volumes of The Handbook of
Environmental Chemistry, there are still many scientific and policy challenges
ahead due to the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the field. The series
will therefore continue to provide compilations of current knowledge. Contribu-
tions are written by leading experts with practical experience in their fields. The
Handbook of Environmental Chemistry grows with the increases in our scientific
understanding, and provides a valuable source not only for scientists but also for
environmental managers and decision-makers. Today, the series covers a broad
rangeofenvironmentaltopicsfromachemicalperspective,includingmethodolog-
icaladvancesinenvironmentalanalyticalchemistry.
Inrecentyears,therehasbeenagrowingtendencytoincludesubjectmatterof
societal relevance in the broad view of environmental chemistry. Topics include
life cycle analysis, environmental management, sustainable development, and
socio-economic, legal and even political problems, among others. While these
topics are of great importance for the development and acceptance of The Hand-
bookofEnvironmentalChemistry,thepublisherandEditors-in-Chiefhavedecided
tokeepthehandbookessentiallyasourceofinformationon“hardsciences”witha
particular emphasis on chemistry, but also covering biology, geology, hydrology
andengineeringasappliedtoenvironmentalsciences.
Thevolumesoftheseriesarewrittenatanadvancedlevel,addressingtheneeds
ofbothresearchersandgraduatestudents,aswellasofpeopleoutsidethefieldof
“pure” chemistry, including those in industry, business, government, research
establishments, and public interest groups. It would be very satisfying to see
these volumes used as a basis for graduate courses in environmental chemistry.
With its high standards of scientific quality and clarity, The Handbook of
ix
x SeriesPreface
Environmental Chemistry provides a solid basis from which scientists can share
their knowledge on the different aspects of environmental problems, presenting a
widespectrumofviewpointsandapproaches.
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistryisavailablebothinprintandonline
via www.springerlink.com/content/110354/. Articles are published online as soon
astheyhavebeenapprovedforpublication.Authors,VolumeEditorsandEditors-
in-ChiefarerewardedbythebroadacceptanceofTheHandbookofEnvironmental
Chemistryby the scientific community, from whom suggestions for new topics to
theEditors-in-Chiefarealwaysverywelcome.
Damia` Barcelo´
AndreyG.Kostianoy
Editors-in-Chief
