Table Of ContentEducation, Economy and Society
Series Editors: Andy Green, Institute of Education, University of London, UK;
Lorna Unwin, Institute of Education, University of London, UK; Karen
Mundy, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto,
Canada.
Titles include:
Andy Green
EDUCATION AND STATE FORMATION 2ND EDITION
Europe, East Asia and the USA
Andy Green and Jan Germen Janmaat (editors)
REGIMES OF SOCIAL COHESION
Societies and the Crisis of Globalization
Jan Germen Janmaat, Marie Duru-Bellat, Philippe Méhaut and Andy Green
THE DYNAMICS AND SOCIAL OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION SYSTEMS
Avril Keating
EDUCATION FOR CITIZENSHIP IN EUROPE
European Policies, National Adaptations and Young People’s Attitudes
Maha Shuayb (editor)
RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL COHESION
International Case Studies
Emer Smyth, Maureen Lyons and Merike Darmody (editors)
RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN A MULTICULTURAL EUROPE
Children, Parents and Schools
Education, Economy and Society
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Education for Citizenship
in Europe
European Policies, National Adaptations
and Young People’s Attitudes
Avril Keating
Institute of Education, University of London
© Avril Keating 2014
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-01956-1
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
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and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2014 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
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registered in England, company number785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
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Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC,
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ISBN 978-1-349-43734-4 ISBN 978-1-137-01957-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137019578
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Contents
List of Tables and Figures vi
List of Abbreviations viii
Acknowledgements x
1 Introduction 1
2 Governing Education Policy in Europe 18
3 Theorising and Measuring Citizenship at Multiple Levels 42
4 Promoting Education for, and about, Europe – 64
The European Dimension
5 The European Dimension to National Curricula 93
6 European Citizenship and Youth Attitudes 119
7 Schools, Socialisation and European Citizenship 143
8 Conclusions 169
Appendix A 185
Appendix B 191
Appendix C 195
Appendix D 198
Notes 208
Bibliography 214
Index 232
v
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
Table 3.1 Key features of the political liberal and civic 55
republican models of citizenship education
Table 5.1 European topics at school 96
Table 5.2 Beyond the formal curriculum – extra-curricular 97
opportunities for learning about Europe at school
Table 6.1 Electoral turnout in ERM countries – in the future 122
(among students) and in recent elections (among
the adult population)
Table 6.2 Young people’s interest in politics 124
Table 6.3 Young people’s exposure to European news and 125
European discussions with parents and peers
Table 6.4a Young people’s knowledge about the EU 127
Table 6.4b Young people’s knowledge about the rights of 128
EU citizens
Table 6.5 Young people’s trust in political institutions 130
Table 6.6 Young people’s attitudes towards European identity 134
Table 6.7 Young people’s attitudes towards equal 137
opportunities for other European citizens
Table 6.8 Young people’s attitudes towards freedom of 140
movement in Europe
Table 7.1 Descriptive statistics for the key variables of interest 155
Table 7.2 Null models – percentage of variance at each level 156
Table 7.3 Effects of opportunities for learning about Europe 159
at school (EUROPP) (summary results)
Table 7.4 Effects of education policy towards developing a 162
sense of national identity and allegiance (summary
results)
Table 7.5 Effects of emphasis on cosmopolitanism in the 163
curriculum (summary results)
Table 7.6a Effects of average patriotism in classroom 165
(summary results)
Table 7.6b Effects of average attitudes towards immigrants 165
in classroom (summary results)
vi
List of Tables and Figures vii
Table 7.6c Effects of average trust in EP in classroom 165
(summary results)
Table 7.7 Variance explained in final models 167
Table A.1 Proportions of correct answers in each country 187
to ERM test questions 1a–3
Table A.2 Proportions of correct answers in each country 188
to ERM test questions 4–8
Table A.3 Proportions of correct answers in each country 189
to ERM test questions 9a–9e
Table A.4 Proportions of correct answers in each country 190
to ERM test questions 10–12
Table D.1 Effects on intentions to vote in EP elections as 198
an adult
Table D.2 Effects on knowledge about the EU 200
Table D.3 Effects on European identity 202
Table D.4 Effects on student attitudes towards freedom of 204
movement within Europe
Table D.5 Effects of national education policies on student 206
perceptions of their opportunities for learning
about Europe at school
Figures
Figure 3.1 Mapping the different dimensions and definitions 44
of citizenship
Figure 3.2 IEA octagon model of the relationship between 52
citizenship and education (1999)
Figure 3.3 ICCS (2009) contextual framework for the 53
development of learning outcomes related to civics
and citizenship
Figure 3.4 Conceptualising the different dimensions of 62
European citizenship at the individual level
Figure 4.1 The objectives of the European dimension to 76
education in 1988
Figure 6.1 Distrust in European institutions 132
List of Abbreviations
ACCI Active Citizenship Composite Indicator
ATTCNT ICCS label for derived variable to denote students’
attitudes towards their country
CDU Curriculum Development Unit
CIVED The 1999 IEA Civic Education Study
CoE Council of Europe
CRELL Centre for Research on Lifelong Learning
CSPE Civic, Social and Political Education
DES Department of Education and Skills
EACEA Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency
ECHR European Convention on Human Rights
ECJ European Court of Justice
EDC Education for Democratic Citizenship
EEC European Economic Community
EP European Parliament
EPIC European Public Information Centre
ERM European Regional Module
ESF European Structural Funds
ESRC Economic & Social Research Council
EU European Union
EUMOVE ICCS label for derived variable to denote student
attitudes towards freedom of migration within Europe
EUPART ICCS label for derived variable to denote student
participation in activities or groups at the European
level
EUIDENT ICCS label for derived variable to denote student
attitudes of European identity
EUROCOM ICCS label for derived variable to denote student
participation in communication about Europe
EUROPP ICCS label for derived variable to denote student reports
on opportunities for learning about Europe at school
HISEI ICCS label for derived variable to denote parents’
highest occupational status
ICCS International Civic and Citizenship Education Study
ICILS International Computer and Information Literacy Study
viii
List of Abbreviations ix
IEA International Association for the Evaluation of
Educational Achievement
IMMRGHT ICCS label for derived variable to denote student
attitudes towards equal rights for immigrants
IRT Item Response Theory
MEP Member of the European Parliament
NCCA National Council for Curriculum and Assessment
NCS National Context Survey
OMC Open Method of Coordination
OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe
PIRLS Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
PISA Programme for International Student Assessment
TEU Treaty on European Union
TIMSS Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
