Edible mushrooms : chemical composition and nutritional value

237 Pages·2016·5.12 MB·English

by  Kalač

EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
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EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
Chemical Composition
and Nutritional Value
PAVEL KALAČ
Professsor of Agricultural Chemistry,
University of South Bohemia,
České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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ISBN: 978-0-12-804455-1
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To my family for steady support and understanding.
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CONTENTS
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Biography xv
List of Figures xvii
List of Tables xix
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Basic Mycological Terms 4
References 6
2. Proximate Composition and Nutrients 7
2.1 Dry Matter, Proximate Composition, and Energy Value 7
2.2 Proteins 19
2.3 Lipids 22
2.4 Carbohydrates and Dietary Fiber 32
2.4.1 Sugars 33
2.4.2 Polysaccharides and Dietary Fiber 41
2.5 Major Minerals 45
2.6 Vitamins and Provitamins 49
2.6.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Provitamins 49
2.6.2 Water-Soluble Vitamins 57
References 60
3. Minor Constituents 71
3.1 Taste and Flavor Components 71
3.1.1 Taste 76
3.1.2 Flavor 82
3.2 Pigments 87
3.3 Aliphatic Acids 88
3.4 Phenolic Compounds 90
3.5 Sterols 102
3.6 Indole Compounds 103
3.7 Purine Compounds 107
3.8 Biogenic Amines and Polyamines 108
vii
viii Contents
3.9 Trace Elements 111
3.9.1 Statutory Limits 111
3.9.2 The Effects of Environmental Factors on Trace Elements
in Fruit Bodies 112
3.9.3 Main Trace Elements 115
3.9.3.1 Aluminum 116
3.9.3.2 Arsenic 117
3.9.3.3 Cadmium 118
3.9.3.4 Chromium 119
3.9.3.5 Cobalt 119
3.9.3.6 Copper 119
3.9.3.7 Iodine 120
3.9.3.8 Iron 120
3.9.3.9 Lead 120
3.9.3.10 Mercury 121
3.9.3.11 Nickel 122
3.9.3.12 Selenium 122
3.9.3.13 Zinc 123
3.9.4 Trace Elements with Limited Data 123
3.9.5 Concluding Remarks 124
References 125
4. Health-Stimulating Compounds and Effects 137
4.1 Antioxidants 138
4.2 Beta-Glucans 140
4.3 Carbohydrates as a Potential Source of Prebiotics 142
4.4 Proteins with Specific Biological Roles 143
4.4.1 Lectins 143
4.4.2 Hemolysins 144
4.5 Lovastatin 145
4.6 Eritadenine 146
4.7 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 147
4.8 Ergothioneine 147
References 150
5. Detrimental Compounds and Effects 155
5.1 Potentially Procarcinogenic Compounds 155
5.1.1 Agaritine 156
5.1.2 Gyromitrin 158
Contents ix
5.2 Formaldehyde 159
5.3 Nicotine 160
5.4 Coprine 161
5.5 Xenobiotics 161
5.6 Nitrates 164
5.7 Radioactivity 165
5.7.1 Radioactivity Units and Legislation 166
5.7.2 Natural Radionuclides 167
5.7.3 Anthropogenic Radionuclides 168
5.7.4 Mushroom Radioactivity After the Chernobyl Disaster 169
5.7.5 Radioactivity Burden from Mushroom Consumption 172
5.7.6 Radiocesium in Game-Feeding Mushrooms 173
5.8 Detrimental Effects of Tricholoma equestre 174
5.9 Allergy and Adverse Dermal and Respiratory Reactions to Mushrooms 175
5.10 Microbial Load and Safety of Fresh Mushrooms 176
References 177
6. Conclusions 181
6.1 Proximal Composition and Nutrients 182
6.2 Minor Constituents 183
6.3 Health-Stimulating Compounds and Effects 185
6.4 Detrimental Compounds and Effects 186
Appendix I: List of Abbreviations 187
Appendix II: Commonly Used Japanese Names of Mushrooms 189
Appendix III: Characteristics of the Main Fatty Acids Occurring in Mushroom Lipids 191
Index of Mushrooms Species 193
Subject Index 199