Table Of Contentedexcieil!
advanlceianrgnc ihnagn,gl iinvge s
Ede xceAlS H istoUrnyi 1t
TheC ollaopfts heLe i beSrtaalat nedt he
TriumopfFh a sciinsI mt a1l8y9,6 -1943
AndreMwi tchaenldGl e ofSft ewart
Serieedsi tDoerrsr:Mi ucrkp ahnyAd n geLleao nard
A PEARSONC OMPANY
--------
Contents
Introduction 3
Secti1o:In t a1l8y9 6-1914
1 Itailn1y 98 6 5
2 Focrefsor c han:g eI1t8a69l-1y9 14 14
3 Giolittthire e asnpdo tnocs hea n:gI eta1l8y69 -9114 23
SkiBlulisl1 :dW erri tiinpn agr agraphs 29
Secti2o:Tn h ei mpacotft heF irWsotr lWda ra ndi ts
aftermaotnhI taly, 1914-22
4 Italyt haFeni drW sortl Wda r 31
5 Thep ost-wcarri sis 38
6 Ther iseI toaflf iasacni s1m19:9- 22 46
SkiBlulisl2 d:P elra nannisnwgte oqr use stoinco anuss aatnicdoh na nge 6o
Secti3o:Tn h ed evelopmoefnt th eF ascisstta t1e9,2 2-43
7 TheF ascciosntls iodataindoe nx ercoifps owee r1:92 2-43 62
8 TheF ascsitsa:t1t 9e25-43 74
SkiBlulisl3 :dW erri tiinntgr odaunccdto inocnlsu sions 90
Secti4o:nB uilditnhgen ewR omanE mpire:
Italfioarne ipgonl icy, 1922-43
9 Musoslineia'rmslo yve s1:92 2-33 92
10 Ita1l93y4 -3A8 g:r epaowte r? 98
11 Hilters'isd ekIitca1kl9:3y 9 -43 104
SkiBlulisl4 d:E exrt enwdreidt ing 110
Examzone 112
Index 118
Itnroduction
Itnorducti on
WelcomteoH istaotr ylA eSv .He ilstiosarf ysa cinastuijbncegtc ,o ncerwniet dh
thweo rladsi t waansdh owi bte catmhewe o rlwdek nonwo wB.y s tudying
histyooruy ,we inlclo unnteewpr e opnleewp, l acneesws, o cieatnidce usl t ures
-evetnh outghhe ayr ael ilnt hpea sty.o uhI afva en e nquimriinnadgn da n
inteirnet shwteo rladr ouynodu tHhiesnt iotsrh yse u jbcetf oyro . u
Howt om aket hem osto ft hec our se
Practyiosusrek islH.li stiosrn oyjt us ta boluter aniinngof rmatoi ron
abotute lltihnsegt ory ohfap pwehnaiten dt h pea s. tYnoeue tdob ea b le
tou ndersatnaden xdp lwahiynt hintgursn eodu t wtahyet hedyi adn d
abohuotw m ucht hecyh agnedT.h e SkBiulillssdce etri oinnts h ibso o k
wilhle lypo ud ot his.
Prepfaorrd ee baatnedd iusscosniH.i stordiona onatsl waaygsr ee
about ewvhetynso rd evoeplmetns inp atshhtae pe pneodr,a bout their
import-asnocd eo nb'eta r faitdod ebawtiety ho ura ctheer oatnh de r
sutdetn.sB urte mebmetrh ayto um usgti veev idetnosc uep paonryt
poinyto um ake.
Uset hceo urbsoeo. Tk hibso ohka bse ednes ingedto h elypo ub uiulpd
thsek ilklnso,w leadngdue n derstatnohd eilynpog u d ow elilny ou r
exa-msou sie.t S eteh 1eH owt hibso owki lhle lp syceotui'oo vnel refa
fodre tsa.i l
Reada routnhdse u jbcetT.h em oryeo ul erana boaup ter idoo fh ist ory,
thmeo rien tereisbtt ecionmgse F.u rtrheera doinny go ucrho setnpo ics
will bryooauudrne dne rstaonftd hipene rgoi dg,i vyeo ub ettienrs i ghts
intcoa usaatnidco hna nagned,m akteh ceo urmsuec hm orree warding.
Whaty ouw illle a rn
Uni1tf ocusoensh istotrheimceaislnb readTthhim.se nast hayto un eed
tob ea blteou ndersatnaden xdp lwahiynt hincghsa ngoevdea rf iar ly
lnogp eirodI.nO ptioEn3 /3Fy ouw ilfloc uosn I taalnydt hwea yi nw hich
al imited dleimborecarcfayacl e sde iroucshl alenwgheisce hvn etually
destroiyteF.di rysotuw, i lclo nsitdhenera tuorfIe t alsiocaine etcyn,oo my
andt hpeo litsiycsattleh mah ta de megrefdor mu nicfiatiiontn h mei ddle
yeaorfst hnei neetntehc entuHroywf. a cro uIltda blecy o ndseiroende o ft he
grepaotw eorfsE uorp?eS econydo,u wciolnls itdheer immediate impact of
thFei rWsortl Wda ri nt hyee ar1s19 -518a ndt hpeo st-wcarri tshiaset me gre d
betewne1 198a nd1 292.T hirydo,uw ilelx amitnhene a tuorfe tFhaes cist
regitmheac ta mteo p oweri n1 292a nde volivnetdaod ictatoirnts hhei p
lat1e29r0 sHo.w d iidta chitehvieas n dh owd iidts eket oh olodnt op ower
andt ransfIotramFl iyn?a yloluyw ,i lslt uMduys sol'iasnt itemtpom ta kIet a ly
at ruglrye paowte ri nE uroapnedt rtyo a ssehsoswf ahre h ads ucecdeeidn
th1e 390asn dw hya ndh owd isassttreuric ntk h eea r1l49y0 s.
ThCeo llaopfts hLeei ebarlSt aatnetd h Teru impohfF asciinIs tmlay 1,8 96-1943
Howy owui blela ssessed
ForU ni1ty ouw iltla kae w ritteexna mY.o uw ilwlr ittew oe ssayosn:eo n
eachto piyco uh aves tudi(eid. oen.e o nI tal1y8 96-1a9n4d3o neo ny our
othecrh osetno picF)o.re acht opiyco uw ilhla vea c hoicoeft woq uestions.
Youw ilhla ve1 h oura nd2 0m inuteisnt otaolr4, 0 m inutefsoe ra che ssay.
Howt hbioso wki hlelly po u
Clearwlryi ttteenxg ti veyso ut heh istorical inyfoourn meaetdfi ootrnh is
topiicnt her ighatm ounotf d epth.
'Thken oteb'o xeisn dicwahteen y ous houlmda ken oteosfy ouro wn.
Thesneo tewsi lhle lypo uw itthh ea ctiviatnidce asn a lsfoo rmt heb asis
ofy ourr evisisooin t,w' osr tkhe epiunpgt od atwei tthh esaesy oug o.
Activihteileypso uu ndersttahnedc onteanntd b uiludp y ours kills.
SkilBlusi ldseerc tihoenlsyp o ud eveltohpe e ssentsikailly losun eedt o
dow eliln y oure xam.
Examzontee lylosu w haty oun eedt ok nowt op repafroetr h ee xam,
including:
-whatt oe xpecontt hed ay
-howt or evise
-whatt hea ssessmoebnjte ctimveeasna ndh owy ouc anm eett hem
-whatt hed ifferleenvtem lesa na ndh owy ouc ang aianh igmha rk
-examplees sawyi tehx aminer commenttoha erliypeo su u nderstand
whatt hee xaminearrsel ookifnogar n dh owt ou sey ouirn formation.
J
; SWITRZLEAND "rlA USTRIA ,.--r\
2_(-�
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.....
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YUGOSALVIA
v
D
FormPearp Satla tes
CJ
Kinogmdo ft hTew oS icilies
Maoptf hrege ioonfs
Ita1l98y5,
4
ChpateIrt al1y8 9i6n
1:
Itlayi n1 896
Keqyu setoins
Whatw ast hel evoelfe conomdiecv elopmiennl ta tnei neteecnetnht uIrtya ly?
•
Howw asI tagloyv erned?
•
Howu nifiweadsI taly?
•
Howf acro ulIdt ableyc onsidear 'egdr epaotw er'?
•
In1 896P,u cciins' mastrepiee LcaB ohemwea sp efrormedf ort hefir sttmi e iTunrn i.I nM acrh
oft hsea meye ara nI tlaiaanrm yw asb olodiyl defteeadi nA byssniai.I tyaw lasa cutluarlg aint
and yap eytg ymi nw orlpdo litiIactlsys.c' apiwtaastl h oedl heator fE uorpes'm ihgteisetm pei,r
Rome,a ndi wta sw itihnI tyat lhtam odenr urbancv ilisiaitodne veolped.E uropeasnt atoefts h e
sxiteentthoe ihgtenetche ntuires cpeotmefdor I atilasnc hloasr,a rtitssa ndc rtasmfent oe xicte
theicrou trsI.wt a sa slot hhe omeo ft hen ew cuilnyad relgihti,ec c eramY.ou ng iBtnrosf eltth ta
theeidru actoinw asi nocmpeltwei tohut taou ro ft hibsit rhpacleo fE uorpe'sc utluer.
YetI tlayh ad onyl beocmea untiedc onutyr in t1h8e6 oasn dm anyp robelmss tlirlem ained.
Ityaw lasl ragelayg irctuularla ndh ad notd eveolped tihneud strtihetase nirchd eitnso trhenr
neihgbosu.rI tw aso vrep-opulateadn dc oudl baeryl feedi tpse oplEeve.yr yeart huosands
left steot tilnte h eU SAA,r gentinoarF erncNho trhA fcriaI.t layh adn oi mepripaols ssesinos
beofre 1890a ndt hiusps emt anye ducatedl iIatwnahso,h ad sae nsoeff adedg lroyT.h is wn e
conutyra slos hwoedt hfeau tll inoefis t dsvi idepda sTth.er oylfa amiylf rmo thHe ouseof S avoy
preefrred speaiknFger nctho I atliaTnh.eg raetc iyt ofV encieh ad closteirew si tVhi nena and
Austart ihainth adw itRho meT.h ep opree ufsetdo r econgisteh ceo untyrw hichhad depirved
himo fh sil andTshe.S outwha sp overtsyt crkeina nda ilentaefdr mo then ew Ityaw litwhh iciht
coudl notf ort hem ostp atri dnetyi.Tf he new knigdomc leralhyad paa stc eteolb ratbe uti wta s
notc leiaifrth ada v ibaelf utuer.
Tmieilne
Taken toe
1870 UnfiicatoifIo tnla yc omtpelbdeyt hceat pueo rfR ome
1882 Elcetroarler fm;oI ltjyao Aiunssat nrGdiema ra ynt oc rteeta hTepr ilAel lianceA sy oruae dt hrotiuhsg h
chpattearn,kto ese t o
1886 Popefr obiCdahsto lfircossamt n doirvn ognt gii pna rltiraayeem lceotnnis
anwsetrh eqsuseeot nis:
1887 Whetaatri tinorfdfu ced
Inw hawaty wsaI st aly
•
1888 Trhee ysecahrobsoe'lc ioncmgoe mssp oyur l
econoymb ciawkcaarldl
1896 DefoefIaa ttl airamnayA t d o;wC airsrpseii ganss pmriiitnsmree comepdta orB raiitn,
1896-98A notnSiator apbrbiamm ietn eirs FraanncGdee rym?an
Whhya Idt natoly
•
Socieatnyde conomy deevloepceodn oymicall
asf aassBt ir atiFnr,a nce
Itawlaysp oroa nde coonmicablalcyk wacrodpm arteodB ritFariann,ac ned
anGde rym?Wa hnawta s
thnee wG ermanIyn.c opmeehr e daw asu nde£r8a y erai nI tawlhyi,l e
holidbtia ncgk ?
iwta s£ 26 hpeedari nF ranacned£ 31 hpeearid n BriAtgariinc.ul tural
Whargtei odnfiafelenr ces
labou-rtehrceso mmontoe csucpation amonpgospltua otInit a3ol0fy 's •
weraepa prent?
mill-ieoarnn eudn detrhe eq uivaolfSe Onpatw eeokn w hictho kteheepi r
otfelna rfgmaei iles.
Sceotin Ita1l8y9 6-1914
1:
Nearl6y0 %o ft hpeo pluatiwoenre eng agdei na gricuclotmuprraeet,d o
UnifiatcioofIna t yl
10%in B ritTahienrw.e e rheo,w ev,ee norrmovuasr iatiinto hnpesa tteorfn s
I1n 8,1 5Ctonheg ress agricuplrtauicrsteeS dm.a ll-psecaaslaaeng rti cuplrteudroem iniantt heed
ofV iedninvati hd eed Alpinnoer btuht o,nt hrei cphl aionfs the Pot hVewarelerl leea yr,g e- scale
Iatlpieanni intnsofiu v lea
ricoerd aifrraym sr unby t hehiererd itanroyb llnaed owenr.sS ometimes
majosrt a-tPeise dtm,o n
theswee re loenal sogenl de saetsos kieldpl rfoessionwahlosa ,sl oe mpyleod
Lomdbya-nrVteieaTsu,c ya ,n
labouornea rv sa sstcl ae.T hIsnc aannyd ncterIatla slhya,r ecrowpapsti h neg
ThPea pSatla tetsh eand
normw,i th ltnahdge i voeunbt y i tasr istoocwrnaettriopsc e saanftra mers
Kingodtfoh Tmew So icilies
whos urrendhearltefhd ec irro fporsr entT.h ea raet o tshoeu othfR ome,
-ansdo mmei noonre( ss ee
Campagnwaa,sd omitneabdy v asetts ates boywt nheRedo maanr isto cracy
maopn p4a )g.e
ande ithseurb -olrfe ratm deb yl abourFeurrst.hs eoruw tahs am ixture of
Iatluifinacinta iwoanfs o r ged
byt hkei ngodfPo immeo nd t etsateeist,hf eorrm erolwyn edby t hCeh urocrhb yt he mtaintynl oelbde s,
itnh 1e68 0bsyb oftohr ce andti npyl oitnts h seu n-buhrinlefldras m ebdy p ovetry-strpiecaaksntes n.
anddi mpalycoP.r eviousTlhyr,o ughIotuaftlor ym,e Crh urlcahn sdesi zbeytd h set aattte h e toifm e
thaer heaabd e edvnii ded
thRei sorgimentaon, ds omceo mmoonr manloarnitdaa lk oenv ert hbey
anfduo gohvtbe yrt hoete hr
staatsfe e udlaalw s waebrohele idsh,a dp assiendtt oh e haonfad n se w
Euorpepaonew rLso.m db yar
typoefm iddle-lcalnadsosw nTehrsesew. e re olfatweyneo rrgs o vern ment
and Venetbieae nh ad long
officicaolnsnt eectdol coaglo vnemretnT.h el coamla yoarn dh irse latives
undAeurrsi traunal netd,h e
tendteoed n ritchehm eslsva endt hhea -lhfearattetde mtpoc tr eaat e
kinogfPs i endatmn otdeh
widesprneeatdw oorfik n dpeednetnp eaasnftra merwsa ss tillIbtoarlni.a n
TwSoi chialcdil eotssi ee s
unificamtaiyho anv ceh aelnlgetdh peo weorft hter aditairoinsatlob cur tacy
toc opmentgFi rernocyha l
lines. theryem aiend wpeorufla nd nsoiwm pslhya rlenadd ewde alwtiht ahn ew
I1n78 0t,hu efin aciotniw as middle-eclliwathseosh, a de nrichtehedm slevetsh routghhoe p portunities
comtpelbdeyt hceat pueo r f throuwpnb yc han ge.
Romferm o thpea py a.c
Thel ivoesft hep oo r
,
Thel isvo efm osotfI tasla ygricuwlotrukreaarlts tehnedo ft hnei neetnteh
Golss ary
cenurtyt endteobd e ' anstbyr,u tainsdsh h orMta'l.a cruiras meudc ho ft he
Risor gimenstoouathn dt haer ea arRoomue;ni dt ekdi1 l,5l000p epolaen nuaalnlduy p t o
Threse ugrenocrIe t,ra ilsyi ntgw om illwieornae ff ectebdyt hdesi easIent .h Neo rtahp ,oo rd iebtae sdo n
upa gnai,its h tee rums ed polae( naf tlour fmoramdm ea i)zp eroudcevdi tamdienfii cencainedts h e
tod esctrhpieorb cee osfs terrdiibsleepa eslel awghriacl,he tdoi nsanaintddy e a.t hdAi eotfb reaand d
uinficabteitow1ne58 e9an n d beanpsr edominiantt heSedo u.tTh hmaotesc,he esaen d hwaemr leu xu ries
1780.c neIttcrshar ala cterfse wc oualfdof radn dd,ep sitteh vea satm ounotfw inper oudcemdo,s wte nt
-whboe caIamtlehi eaorne s eithfeorer x poorrtt ot hsem amlild dcllea Psoso.Ir t almiaadnes wdiot h
-werMea ztzhipenr iot p ,hevineelslsote,ina wlaltyefl ra vouwrietdth h bey -prodoufwc itnse -ma king.
whhoa ldo cnagma pigned
Wateirte slwfa so ftiennef tcdea ndc holkelirlaet hdo usa.n ds
anwdr iatobttuet nhn eee d
Eveinnd eatthh ere nowd aisg niItny .m any ptahrSeto su tcohopf,r s e s
frou finciatCiaoovuntr;h e
wersei mptlhyr oowvne crlf isof rl etif no pepni tforst hcer owtsof eed on.
prtiaccatli cpiwoah lnoi,
Wherbeu ridailodscc urt,h ewye roetf einn s halglroawv aensdd o gfsea sted
schetmobe rdii antobg u t;
anGda ritbhraemol adtni i c ont hceo prseHso.u sweesr sei mpalnedp rimitIintv heSe.o utwhi,d esapdr e
soelrVd.iti coErm manuelb,r iganhdaadlg eetd ol arnguem belrisv ianwgaf yor mt hefiierl dIsn.sd t ea
thfiesr kti onIfgt waalsy , thebya ndteodg etihnhe irl lt-otwonfpsor safienot nyeo,- rt wo-rhoooums es
adtoepadst hoefif c ial whicthh esyh arweidtt hh eainri lmasT.h er ealployoh ra d annoi mals.
emobdeinmotfu nitfii coan Eveinnt hNeo rtrhu,r haouls etse ndteobd e m udh utwsi tsht raows f ro
andm ohnieusnm atrste o bea nde arthfelno oPresr.h atphbsee tsh ousiwnagsp rodveiidn T hscabnyy
found tahcceonr uto rsys.
landlfoorrt dhse sihra recrotpepnniatsn.g
6
ChpateIrt ailn1y 8 9 6
1:
Economcirci s is Golssrya
Int hlea tnei neetntehc etnurwyo rlfodo dp ricesp sceoCdlh.le paaw he at
Tariff
formt hUeS AC,an adaan dRu ssidar ovperi cedso wn tihn1e 780asn d1 880 s,
hurtIitnagl firaamne rasn ldae dinga d teom anfdorp roctteitvaerfi sf.T he Duptaylc eodni mptots ro
maekt ehmm oere xpsvei,en
priocfle a nfdle iln S icbiyl4 y0% .I n1 887a w heat fwt aasri inftdruoecda n d
theebreyn caogui rng
theinn carseerde,a ch7i5ln igpr eetr o bny 1 984T.h ec onsequweenrcee s
constuiamonpntd h e
largdeilsya stIrtio nucasrs.ee tdh e porfbirceeaf ordt he paonodpr r oudcead
pucrhaosfde o emts ic
tarwiafrwf i tFhr anwchei,c chu etx potrott sh acto nutroyf wah olrea ngoef
pruocd.t s
agricuplrtoudrua.Tlc h ters esuolft a lwla sta hne ixsp loosfir ounrm ails ery
whosmeo tso bvioouuctso mwea st hfeol ood fe migratnott hsUe S Aa nd
ArgnetniaA.l reabdy1y 98 1t hewreer nee ral1y5. m illion lIitvaiilnnig a ns
AmeircIan.i timaolseltmy i grahnatdcs o mfeor mt hneo rbtuhbt y t h1e 980 s
60%w erfeor mt hseo u.t h
Inudst ry
Itahlayda s trocnrgat frta digtoiiobnnag c cken turbiuettsh ,de e voeplmetn
ofm odermna spsr oducitnfi acotno rwiaeshs e ludpb yt hlea ckc oo afl
fors teapmow e,rw hich dfracotrvoieei snB ritaanidGn e rma.nT yhem ots
imptoarnitn duswtarsty e xetsiw,li tshi lakst hdeo minmaantte r.i aTlwhaiss
baesdi nt hneo rtihnL, o mbardayn,dI talsiialpnkr oducwtaisso enc oonndl y
tot haotfC hina. aCnodfit nteow noo lelnwse raesl on 1adbeu ta,sw itthh e
siilnkd ustthersywe,e rset ihlealv idleyp entdo enhn anldo-omrsa thtehra n
masfsac toprryo diuocnat,l thotuhgiwhsa si ncreaisnti hn1eg 98 0s.
Ani roinn duswtarsdy e voepling iumspitonergcd o las,t imulbaytt he ed
buildoifn gr aialnwdaal yasr ngaev iynt h1e 880sTh.e T erni iarnodn e s lte
workwsa sfou ndeidn1 886a nda ppreedaa ne xampolfme o denrt echno logy,
buitwt ash eavdielpyde ennotng overnmceonntt rfaorct thsne a vayn dw as
novte reyf fiicenRta.i lwwaeyrsre a piedxplayn daenddt hlee ngotfth r ack
doulbebde tewne1 780a nd1 980t o1 ,360k0i olmertesH.o wev,er rail way
coverwaagsse t islolmw ea yb ehitnhdao tfB ritFariann,ac nedG emran. y
Int h1e 880pser hap2s-. 2m5i llmieonnw erien volivnie ndd usatq ruya,r ter
int hbeu ildtirnagda ensdt hbeu lokft hree sitnt exlteifsur,n itaunrdfeo o d
prodiuocnNt.e alry2 m illwioomne wne rael seon gagientd h per oduction
ofg oodbsu,tt h seew erneo nte cersislfauyl leym ployiendd uswtorrikaelr s.
Unlihkeenr o rthneering hbIotuarhlsay,dn otr ealdleyvo epleadm as s
factobrays-weodr kicnalgs Mso.t sp roducrteimoani cneendtd ir nes ma ll
workshaonpdes v ewno rkehromse's .
Thmedi dela nudp eprc lsase s
Theo lrdu lienlgio tfIe t awlaysm aduep o f7 387 nfomabiilleePs r.ic nes
andd ukewse rtee n-a-pceonmanpryde t oB rit.Ta hienrwee r2e0 p8r nices
inS icaiollnye V.e rfye wo ft hIet alnioabni lciotuymla dt cthh wee altohf
thfea frwe erE nglainsdhS cottairsihs toTchreag crya.nt dil teosfm any of
thesIet alfimaaiinle cso nacleepden urayn,d s evricaesa no fifceirnt h e
Italairamnwy a sa fi nancrieaellffi o rm anya risto(carlatthsjo unuig ohr
ofifcerssa'l awreireoestf emne agr.e f)Ae w stilclo noswrinadebedel tsea t es
ors howeendt ersperi ind eveplionqgu alwiitnype r oduocnst,ui cahst h e
Ricasfmaoilliiy nT hscany.
7
SeticonI ta1l8y9 6-1914
1:
Therwee raer ou2n0d00 0,l0a ndowannedbrus s isnsme ent hrougthho eut
Taken toe
conutrayn di wt asw itthhe steh atth oel ndo bilniotwhy a dt os haproew e. r
Asy orue adu gtthhh reo Ina ddittihoenr e awpeprreo xim2a5t00e0,ln0yo n-manguoavle rnment
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wherteh neo n-payomfet anxtwe assn ormaanldf v aoufrorsf irnedsa nd
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KiUnmgeb troIi 1n09 0
9
