Eden to Armageddon: World War I in the Middle East

804 Pages·2011·9.04 MB·English

by  Roger Ford

Eden to Armageddon
World War I in the Middle East
Roger Ford
PEGASUS BOOKS
Roger Ford’s work encompasses both narrative military history and that of
military, aviation and naval technology. It includes a highly acclaimed
account of the development and employment of the machine gun, The Grim
Reaper (1996), and a two-volume history of the part Allied special forces
played behind German lines in France in 1944: Fire from the Forest (2003),
which dealt with the role of the SAS, and Steel from the Sky (2004), which
described that of the little-known Jedburgh teams, the first of a new breed
of military advisors. After many years in London and a period in Tuscany,
he and his wife now life in southern France.
Contents
List of Maps
List of Illustrations
OVERTURE
1 The Route to War
PART I MESOPOTAMIA
2 To the Garden of Eden
3 Besieged at Kut
4 To Baghdad and Beyond
5 On to Mosul
PART II THE CAUCASUS, ARMENIA, ANATOLIA AND PERSIA
6 Sarikamiş Faciasi
7 The Turks Fight Back
8 Anatolia Invaded
9 Armenia, Azerbaijan and Persia
PART III THE DARDANELLES AND GALLIPOLI
10 To Constantinople!
11 Landings and Stalemates
12 A Failure of Leadership
PART IV EGYPT, PALESTINE AND SYRIA
13 Suez and Sinai
14 To the Gates of Palestine
15 Through Gaza to Judaea
16 By Way of Armageddon
PART V AFTERMATH AND CONCLUSIONS
17 Defeat and Victory, Dismemberment and Renewal
Image Gallery
Notes
Select Bibliography
Index
List of Maps
Map 1 Eurasia in 1914
Map 2a The Ottoman Empire in 1875
Map 2b The Ottoman Empire in 1914
Map 3 The Western Limits of The Ottoman Empire: 1832, 1856, 1878, 1914
Map 4 Mesopotamia Theatre of Operations
Map 5 Mesopotamia—Amara to the Gulf
Map 6 Mesopotamia—Ctesiphon to Amara
Map 7 Mesopotamia—The Adhaim/Diyala Basin
Map 8 Mesopotamia—Mosul to the Adhaim
Map 9 Caucasus Theatre of Operations
Map 10 Caucasus—Erzurum to Kars
Map 11 Caucasus—The Upper E. Euphrates Basin
Map 12 Caucasus—Eastern Anatolia
Map 13 Caucasus—Azerbaijan and W. Persia
Map 14 SE Macedonia, Thrace and NW Anatolia
Map 15 Gallipoli and The Dardanelles
Map 16 Gallipoli—The Dardanelles Naval Defences
Map 17 Gallipoli—The Anzac Cove Positions
Map 18 Gallipoli—The Landings at Cape Helles
Map 19 Gallipoli—The Suvla Bay Positions
Map 20 Gallipoli—The Cape Helles Positions
Map 21 Palestine Theatre of Operations
Map 22 Palestine—The Suez Canal and N. Sinai
Map 23a The Hejaz (Northern Part)
Map 23b The Hejaz (Southern Part)
Map 24 Palestine—Southern Approaches to Gaza
Map 25 Palestine—Southern Part (Philistia and Judaea)
Map 26 Palestine—Prior to the Third Battle of Gaza
Map 27 Palestine—Northern Part (Galilee)
Map 28 The Middle East as proposed by the Treaty of Sèvres
Map 29 Anatolia (North-Western Part)
Map 30 Eurasia by 1939
List of Illustrations
Sultan Abdul Hamid II
Ismail Enver Pasha
Ahmed Jemal Pasha
Mehmet Talaat
Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz Brig.-Gen.
Walter Delamain Lt.-Gen. Sir Arthur Barrett Maj.-Gen. Sir Charles
Townshend Lt.-Gen. Sir John Nixon
Lt.-Gen. Sir Percy Lake
Lt.-Gen. Sir Fenton Aylmer VC
Maj.-Gen. Sir George Gorringe Sir Frederick Maude
Sir William Marshall
Halil Pasha and staff
Rt. Hon. Winston Churchill and Sir John Arbuthnot Fisher Rear-Adm. John de
Roebeck Rear-Adm. Rosslyn Wemyss Maj.-Gen. Aylmer Hunter-Weston
Mustafa Kemal
Lt.-Gen. Sir Frederick Stopford Lt.-Gen. Sir Bryan Mahon Sir Ian Hamilton and
Gen. Henri Gouraud Gen. Henri Gouraud and Gen. Maurice Bailloud at
Gallipoli Maj.-Gen. Beauvoir de Lisle Lt.-Gen. Sir Julian Byng Lt.-Gen. Sir
William Birdwood Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich Feisal ibn Hussein
Gen. Sir Edmund Allenby
Captain T.E. Lawrence
Kaiser Wilhelm II
David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau and Woodrow
Wilson The Bab-i Ali
Bashi-Bazouks
SMS Goeben
Riverine hospital ship
Turkish ski troops
Dunsterforce advance party Towing landing parties to ANZAC Cove Australian
troops aboard HMS Prince of Wales ANZAC wounded
Steam drifters
Australian troops charging at Gallipoli The Royal Naval Division rehearsing an
attack Australian sniper and observer at Quinn’s Post ANZAC dugouts
giving onto terraces ANZAC Outpost No. 2 inland from North Beach
Steele’s Post at ANZAC Cove Senegalese at Gallipoli
75mm field gun in action V Beach at Cape Helles
British machine gunners, Gallipoli Bathing at Helles
Kiretch Tepe
Turkish field artillery
Australian dressing station Suvla Point
HMS Cornwallis
Playing cricket to deceive the Turks The Hureira Redoubt
Turkish machine gunners on the Gaza-Beersheba Line Gen. Kress von
Kressenstein inspecting Turkish stormtroopers Turkish infantry north of
Jerusalem Australian Light Horse entering Damascus Greek forces at
Smyrna, 1919