Table Of ContentProgress in IS
Andreas Meier
Luis Terán
eDemocracy &
eGovernment
Stages of a Democratic Knowledge
Society
Second Edition
Progress in IS
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eDemocracy & eGovernment
Stages of a Democratic Knowledge Society
Second Edition
Andreas Meier Luis Terán
Department of Informatics Department of Computer Science
University of Fribourg Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE)
Fribourg, Switzerland Sangolquí, Ecuador
Department of Informatics
University of Fribourg
Fribourg, Switzerland
ISSN 2196-8705 ISSN 2196-8713 (electronic)
Progress in IS
ISBN 978-3-030-17584-9 ISBN 978-3-030-17585-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17585-6
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2012, 2019
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Editorial
Thechallengesofmodernizingthestateanditsadministrationhaveincreased,especially
withregardtothetargetedapplicationofInternettechnologies.BymeansofeDemoc-
racy,itisintendedtosupporttheexchangeofinformation,aswellasdemocraticpro-
cessesofdecision-making,voting,andelections.eGovernmentaimstoputdigitalpub-
licservicesatdisposalforcitizens,companies,andorganizations.Someexamplesare
electronicservicesintaxation,employmentservicesandonlinejobmarkets,publicof-
feringviaWebplatforms,ormobilehealthservices.ThereferencebookeDemocracy
&eGovernmentaimstoreviewsystematicallytheuseoftheInternetinadministration
andpolitics.Aprocess-orientedlayermodel(eGovernmentFramework)oftheUniver-
sity of Fribourg allows us to define the options of exchange and participation for the
claim groups and to concretize them by application examples. The following topics,
eachincludingacasestudyofindustrial,administrativeorresearchpractice,arethekey
aspects:
• eAssistance explains the application of Internet technologies and eGovernment
portals,whilekeepinganeyeonqualityassurance.Acasestudyonbarrierfree
accessgivesprocedurerecommendations.
• eProcurement describes the Web-based procurement process and discusses the
public offering via Internet. Reverse auctions, used in electronic procurement,
providecaseexamples.
• eServicediscusseselectronicgovernmentalservicesforcitizensandcompanies,
as well as a Capability Maturity Model for benchmarking in the eGovernment.
Twocasestudiesonelectronichealthrecordsandinteroperabilityarepresented.
• eContractingdefinestheelectronicnegotiationprocessandexplainsdigitalsig-
natures.Thecaseexampleisaboutfacerecognitioninthebiometricpassport.
• eSettlementshowsthesub-stepsofthesupplychain,includingePayment,eDis-
tributionandeSecurity.Thecasestudydealswithsecuritymeasuresinelectronic
dataexchange.
• eCollaborationgivesthegroundworkforcontentmanagement,wikitoolsandWe-
blogs,collaborativeworkingenvironmentandvirtualformsofcollaboration.Two
casestudiesonvirtualcampusandmassiveopenonlinecoursesarepresented.
v
vi Editorial
• eDemocracyexplainsparticipationtypes,showselectronicelections(eElection),
votes (eVoting) and steps towards public memory. Two case studies on voting
adviceapplicationsandproceduralmechanismstoenhancetransparencyandtrust
inInternetvotingfortheSwisselectionsarepresented.
• eCommunity discusses communication strategies in the multi-channel manage-
ment,aswellasamodelforcitizenrelationshipmanagement.Thecasestudies
ParticipaInteligenteandtheSwisscenterfortelemedicinearepresented.
ThisreferencebookismainlyaddressedtostudentsofeconomicsciencesatTech-
nical Colleges and Universities, who want to gain a systematic and comprehensive
overview of the state of the art in eDemocracy and eGovernment. Apart from them,
itisdedicatedtocitizens,politiciansandexecutives,projectleadersandexpertsinad-
ministration,whoareoccupiedwiththedigitalformsofexchangeandparticipationin
theknowledgesociety.
The book was created in the course of a master class in eGovernment and during
thedevelopmentoftheeGovernmentFrameworkattheUniversityofFribourg.Further-
more,thecontactswiththeeGovernmentexpertgroupofSwitzerland(www.ech.ch),
the Swiss ICT (www.swissict.ch) and the specialist group eHealth of the Soci-
etyforComputerScience(“GesellschaftfürInformatik,”www.gi-ev.de)havecon-
tributedtoagreatextenttothechoiceoftopicsandthefocalpoints.Wewouldliketo
takethisopportunitytoexpressmygratitudetowardmycolleagues,forourinspiringdis-
cussions:ToPeterHaas,AndreeaIonas,BrunoJeitziner,AndreasMeer,WillyMüller,
SigfriedReich,MarcoSavini,HenrikStormer,HeikoSchuldt,andWalterStüdeli.
Big thanks goes to the experts from industry, administration and research, who
contributed interesting case studies: Andrea Pacheco, Universidad Internacional del
Ecuador; Sandra Sanchez-Gordon, Escuela Politécnica Nacional; Sergio Luján, Uni-
versityofAlicante;JonathanWheatley,FernandoMendez,andUweSerdült,Centrefor
DemocracyStudiesAarau(ZDA);HeidiRubiandJoachimWeissoftheSwissFederal
Railways; Wolfgang Dorda, Georg Duftschmid and Walter Gall of the Medical Uni-
versityofVienna;ChristophBuschoftheFraunhoferInstituteforComputerGraphics
ResearchinDarmstadt;SiegfriedReichandFelixStrohmeieroftheSalzburgResearch
Society; Luka Hamza and Christian Kunz of BitsaboutMe AG; Aigul Kaskina of the
UniversityofFribourg;BirgitFeldmannoftheUniversityofHagen;BrunoJeitzinerof
the University of Fribourg; Reto Zurflüh of the Swiss Center for Telemedicine; Jordi
Puiggalí-AllepúzandAdriàRodríguez-Pérez,ScytlSecureElectronicVoting,S.A.;Edy
Portmann,UniversityofFribourg;SimoneFranzelliandAstridHabenstein,University
ofBern.
Furthermore, the authors would like to thank the staff of Springer, most of all to
ChristianRauscherforthepleasantcollaboration.
Fribourg,March,2019 AndreasMeierandLuisTerán
Contents
1 eGovernmentFramework 1
1.1 TheLisbonDeclaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 DefinitionofeDemocracyandeGovernment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 ComponentsoftheeGovernmentFramework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 DifferentiationfromeBusinessandeCommerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 ChapterOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 BibliographicalNotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 eAssistance 13
2.1 SearchandWebServicesintheInternet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 WebDevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.1 Web1.0–StaticWeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.2 Web2.0–TheWritingandParticipatingWeb . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.3 Web3.0–TheSemanticWeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.4 Web4.0–Open,Linked,andIntelligentWeb . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 CatalogforMunicipalityWebSites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 DesignofeGovernmentPortals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5 Barrier-FreeWebAccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6 QualityAssuranceintheInternet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.7 BibliographicalNotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.8 CaseStudy—WebAccessibilityFromaSystemsApproach . . . . . . . 27
2.8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.8.2 AboutSocialDimensionsandOngoingProgramsfor
Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.8.3 CaseStudy:WebsiteoftheTechnicalSecretariatforthe
InclusiveManagementonDisabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.8.4 FutureWorkandConclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.8.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 eProcurement 35
3.1 Internet-BasedProcurementProcess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2 ProcurementModelSeller-Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3 ProcurementModelBuyer-Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4 MarketplaceProcurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
vii
viii Contents
3.5 PublicOfferingviaInternet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.6 ConductingAuctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.7 DesktopPurchasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.8 BibliographicalNotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.9 Case Study—Inverse Auctions at the Procurement Agency of Swiss
FederalRailways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.9.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.9.2 CaseStudiesofInverseAuctionsintheSBB . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.9.3 CaseExampleA—ProcurementofaService . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.9.4 CaseExampleB—ProcurementofClothing . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.9.5 CaseExampleC—ProcurementofWorkingClothes . . . . . . 50
3.9.6 CaseExampleD—ProcurementofaService . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.9.7 OpportunitiesandRisks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4 eService 53
4.1 Technical,Organizational,andSemanticInteroperability . . . . . . . . 54
4.2 ElectronicGovernmentalServicesforCitizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.3 eGovernmentServicesforBusinesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.4 MunicipalityProductPlan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.5 eHealthArchitectureforMobileServices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.6 CapabilityMaturityModelfortheeGovernmentBenchmarking . . . . 62
4.7 BibliographicalNotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.8 CaseStudy—TheAustrianElectronicHealthRecordSystemELGA . 66
4.8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.8.2 CaseStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.8.3 OpportunitiesandRisks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5 eContracting 73
5.1 ElectronicContracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2 GenericServicesfortheNegotiationProcess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.3 IdentityManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.4 AsymmetricEncryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.5 SealingElectronicDocumentswithDigitalSignatures . . . . . . . . . 80
5.6 PublicKeyInfrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.7 BlockchainasaDistributedLedgerwithConsensus . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.7.1 TheBlockchainDataStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.7.2 SolvingaCryptographicTask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.7.3 TheCriterionoftheLongestBlockChain . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.7.4 BlockchainOptionsforeGovernment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.8 LegalAspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.9 BibliographicalNotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.10 CaseStudy—FaceRecognitionintheBiometricPassport . . . . . . . . 91
5.10.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.10.2 CaseStudyonBiometricDatainPassports . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.10.3 Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.10.4 Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Contents ix
5.10.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6 eSettlement 99
6.1 Sub-StepsofaSupplyChain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.2 ClassificationofWeb-BasedPaymentSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.3 OnlineVersusOfflineDistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.4 ProtectionofPersonalData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.5 ProtectionofCopyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.6 SecurityManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.7 GeneralDataProtectionRegulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.8 BibliographicalNotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.9 CaseStudy—SafeguardsonDataExchangeofSalzburg
Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.9.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.9.2 Case Study—Disregarding of Data Protection and Defense
Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.9.3 OpportunitiesandRisks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.10 Case Study—Consent Management System: A Case Study of
BitsaboutMePlatform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.10.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.10.2 EUDataProtectionRegulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.10.3 CaseStudy–BitsaboutMePlatform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.10.4 ConsentManagementSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.10.5 LessonsLearned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7 eCollaboration 129
7.1 DocumentManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.2 ContentManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.3 WikiTools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.4 UseofWeblogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.5 CollaborativeWorkingEnvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7.6 VirtualOrganizationandFormsofCooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.7 BibliographicalNotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.8 Case Study—Learning Environment Virtual Campus at the University
ofHagen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
7.8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
7.8.2 CaseStudy—CharacteristicsofaVirtualCampus . . . . . . . 144
7.8.3 ChangesinLearningandTeaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.8.4 CommunicationandInteraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.8.5 Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7.8.6 ExamsandExaminationRegulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7.8.7 SupervisionRelationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.8.8 ChangesintheOrganization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.8.9 OpportunitiesandRisks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
