Ecotoxicology: Pesticides and beneficial organisms

446 Pages·1998·9.64 MB·English

by  Paul Jepson

Ecotoxicology
Ecotoxicology
Pesticides and
beneficial organisms
Edited by
Peter T. Haskell
and
Peter McEwen
Insect Investigations Ud
School of Pure and Applied Biology
University of Wales
Cardiff, UK
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Card Number: 98-70270
ISBN 978-1-4613-7653-8 ISBN 978-1-4615-5791-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5791-3
AlI Rights Reserved
© 1998 Springer Science+ Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1998
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without prior permission from the copyright owner.
Contents
List of contributors vii
Index of abbreviations xix
Index of organizations xxxi
Preface xxxiii
Part One
The Issues
1 Introduction 3
Paul C. Jepson and Brian A. Croft
2 Issues associated with pesticide toxicology and arthropod
natural enemies in the pre-and post-registration stages
of chemical development 7
Brian A. Croft, Paul C. Jepson and Philip A. Heneghan
Introduction 7
Research and decision making prior to pesticide registration 8
Research and decision making following pesticide
registration 10
Community perspectives 15
Additional items of emphasis 16
Conclusions and acknowledgements 18
References 19
3 The initiative of the IOBCIWPRS Working Group on
Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms 22
Sherif A. Hassan
Organisms tested and guidelines developed 23
References 26
vi Contents
4 Reducing insecticide use in plant protection in Israel:
policy and programmes 28
The late David Rosen
Introduction 28
Citrus 30
Other crops 33
Role of education and extension 34
References 34
5 Pesticides and natural enemies: Malaysia perspectives 37
Zulkifli Ayah and Normah Mustaffa
Introduction 37
Biological control in IPM 38
Current trends in pesticide control 40
Testing the effects of pesticides on natural enemies and
beneficial organisms 41
Proposals 43
Conclusion 44
Acknowledgements 44
References 45
6 Can we achieve harmonization of regulatory
requirements in Europe? 46
Katie Barrett
Introduction 46
Influential groups 47
The ESCORT workshop 48
Research activities and issues of concern 50
Conclusion 52
References 52
Part Two
Defining the Problem
7 Introduction 55
Sherif A. Hassan
Standard characteristics of test methods 56
Extrapolation 65
References 66
A: Laboratory Testing
8 Standard laboratory methods to test the side-effects of
pesticides 71
Sherif A. Hassan
Materials and methods 72
Contents vii
Results of testing on Trichogramma 78
References 79
9 Development and ring-testing of a standardized
laboratory test for parasitic wasps, using the
aphid-specific parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi 80
Michael Mead-Briggs, K. Brown, M. Candolfi, M. Coulson,
S. Klepka, Ch. Kuhner, M. Longley, S. Maise, E. McIndoe,
M. Miles, Ch. Neumann and A. Ufer
Introduction 80
Design and evaluation of the standard laboratory test 81
Analysis of test data 84
Conclusions 87
References 87
10 Current status of a ring-tested method to determine
pesticide effects on the predatory mite Typhlodromus
pyri (Scheuten) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in the
laboratory 89
Sylvia Blumel, B. Baier, F. Bakker, U. Bienert, M. Candolfi,
S. Hennig-Gizewski, Ch. Kuhner, B. Jiickel, F. Louis, A. Ufer
and A. Waltersdorper
Introduction 89
Method and materials 90
Results and discussion 94
Conclusions 96
References 96
11 Testing side-effects of pesticides on carabid beetles:
a standardized method for testing ground-dwelling
predators in the laboratory for registration purposes 98
Gerhard P. Dohmen
Introduction 98
Method development 99
Test method 102
Acknowledgements 106
References 106
12 Testing side-effects of pesticides on spiders (Pardosa spp.)
in the laboratory 107
Udo Heimback, A. Wehling, M.P. Candolfi, M. Coulson,
M. Mead-Briggs, J. Rombke, S. Schmitzer, R. Schmuck,
A. Ufer, J.A. Wiles and H. Wilhelmy
Introduction 107
Material and methods 108
viii Contents
Results and discussion 108
References 112
13 Two-step test system using the plant-dwelling non-target
insect Coccinella septempunctata to generate data for
registration of pesticides 114
Richard Schmuck, M.P. Candolfi, R. Kleiner, S. Klepka,
S. Nengel and A. Waltersdoifer
Introduction 114
Materials and methods 115
Results 116
Discussion 119
References 121
14 Side-effects of pesticides on larvae of Chrysoperla carnea
(Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): actual state of the laboratory
method 123
Heidrun Vogt, P. Degrande, J. Just, S. Klepka, Ch. Kuhner,
A. Nickless, A. Ufer, M. Waldburger, A. Waltersdorfer
and F. Bigler
Introduction 123
The test species 124
Glass plate test 126
Results from laboratory ring tests 131
Further activities of the ring-test group 135
References 135
B: Semi-field and Field Testing
15 Field studies with pesticides and non-target arthropods
in orchards 139
Kevin Brown
Introduction 139
Study design 140
Sampling 141
Single versus multi-application studies 146
Conclusions 146
References 147
16 Accuracy and efficiency of sequential pesticide testing
protocols for phytoseiid mites 148
Frank M. Bakker
Introduction 148
Factors underlying accuracy levels observed 151
Contents ix
Validation of species- and product-specific protocols
and trigger values 154
Amblyseius finlandicus 157
Amblyseius andersoni 157
Typhlodromus pyri 159
Species comparisons 160
Discussions of testing methodology 162
Summary of recommendations 163
Acknowledgements 164
References 164
17 Using a sequential testing scheme under laboratory
and field conditions with the bumble bee Bombus
terrestris to evaluate the safety of different groups
of insecticides 166
Burkhard Sechser and B. Reber
Introduction 166
Materials and methods 167
Results 170
Discussion 172
References 174
18 Testing effects of pesticides on adult carabid beetles
in semi-field and field experiments 175
Udo Heimbach
Introduction 175
Material and methods 176
Results and discussion 176
Acknowledgements 180
References 180
19 The value of large-scale field trials for determining the
effects of pesticides on the non-target arthropod fauna
of cereal crops 182
Michael Mead-Briggs
Introduction 182
Influential aspects of trial design 184
Discussion 188
References 189
20 Comparing pesticide effects on beneficials in a sequential
testing scheme 191
Gerhard P. Dohmen
Introduction 191
x Contents
Sequential testing scheme 192
Principal differences between the main tiers 193
Factors affecting the results 194
Theoretical background for the sequential testing scheme 196
Comparing laboratory and (semi-)field data: case studies 198
References 200
Part Three
Risk Assessment and Management
21 Introduction 205
Pieter A. Oomen, Gavin B. Lewis and Richard A. Brown
Definitions 205
Registration procedure 206
Non-target arthropods in European pesticide registration 206
The historical picture 207
The current situation 208
Questions addressed 209
A: Strategy
22 Aims and consequences of regulatory risk management
in Europe: a discussion 213
Pieter A. Oomen
Introduction 213
Legal context 214
Possible aims of regulatory risk management 214
Comparison of implementation requirements 215
Comparison of implementation consequences 217
Comparison of costs and benefits 218
Conclusion 220
References 221
23 Effects of plant protection products on beneficial
organisms: the current authorization procedure in
Germany 222
Rolf Forster
Introduction 222
Current authorization procedure in Germany 222
European legislation 226
The dilemma of protecting non-target species versus
authorization of PPP 228
Conclusions 230
References 231
Contents xi
24 Labelling and risk management strategies for pesticides
and terrestrial non-target arthropods: a UK proposal 232
Peter J. Campbell
Introduction 232
Proposals for a UK non-target arthropod labelling and risk
management strategy 235
Recommendations 239
Acknowledgements 239
References 239
25 Pesticides and beneficial arthropods: an industry perspective 241
Stephen W. Shires
Introduction 241
Identifying objectives 242
Testing framework 242
Indicator species 243
Trigger values 243
Multi-rate testing 244
Risk assessments 244
Risk management/mitigation 245
Product labelling 245
Conclusions and recommendations 247
Acknowledgements 247
References 247
26 Honey bees in Europe: lessons for other terrestrial
non-target arthropods 248
Gavin B. Lewis, John H. Stevenson and Pieter A. Oomen
Introduction 248
Species selection 249
Honey bee risk assessment scheme 250
In-use monitoring 254
Conclusions 255
References 255
27 Risk assessment and management: is it working? An
NGO perspective 257
Peter Beaumont
NGOs: what are they? 257
Current policy developments in risk management and
assessment 258
Practical problems of risk assessment in the field 260
What can be done to improve risk assessment and
management? 262