Ecotoxicology of amphibians and reptiles

946 Pages·2010·9.495 MB·English

by  SETAC (Société), Sparling, Donald W

Ecotoxicology of
Amphibians and
Reptiles
Second Edition
64169.indb 1 5/3/10 10:19:45 AM
Other Titles from the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry (SETAC)
Other Titles from the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry (SETAC)
Ecological Assessment of Selenium in the Aquatic Environment
Linking Aquatic CEhxpaopsmuaren ,a Andda Emffse, cBtsr:o Rokissk, eAdsisteosrssm ent of Pesticides
Brock, Alix, Brown, Capri, Gottesbüren2, 0H1e0imbach, Lythgo, Schulz, Streloke, editors
2009
Application of Uncertainty Analysis to Ecological Risk of Pesticides
Derivation and Use of EnvironWmaernrteanl -QHuicaklist,y H aanrdt ,H eudmitoarns Health Standards for Chemical
Substances 2in0 1W0ater and Soil
Crane, Matthiessen, Maycock, Merrington, Whitehouse, editors
Linking Aquatic Exposure and Ef2f0e0ct9s: Risk Assessment of Pesticides
Brock, Alix, Brown, Capri, Gottesbüren, Heimbach, Lythgo, Schulz, Streloke, editors
Aquatic Macrophyte Ri2s0k1 A0ssessment for Pesticides
Maltby, Arnold, Arts, Davies, Heimbach, Pickl, Poulsen, editors
Ecological Models for Regulatory Risk Assessmen2t0s0 o9f Pesticides: Developing a Strategy for the Future
Thorbek, Forbes, Heimbach, Hommen, Thulke, Van den Brink, Wogram, Grimm, editors
Veterinary Medici2n0e1s0 in the Environment
Crane, Boxall, Barrett
2008
Derivation and Use of Environmental Quality and Human Health Standards for Chemical Substances in
Water and Soil
Relevance of Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ephemeral and Effluent-dependent
Crane, Matthiessen, Maycock, Merrington, Whitehouse, editors
Watercourses of the Arid Western United States
2010
Gensemer, Meyerhof, Ramage, Curley
2008
Aquatic Macrophyte Risk Assessment for Pesticides
Maltby, Arnold, Arts, Davies, Heimbach, Pickl, Poulsen
Extrapolation Practice for Ecotoxicological Effect Characterization of Chemicals
2010
Solomon, Brock, de Zwart, Dyev, Posthumm, Richards, editors
2008
Veterinary Medicines in the Environment
Crane, Boxall, Barrett
Environmental Life Cycle Costing
2008
Hunkeler, Lichtenvort, Rebitzer, editors
2008
Relevance of Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ephemeral and Effluent dependent Watercourses of the
Arid Western United States
Valuation of Ecological Resources: Integration of Ecology and Socioeconomics
Gensemer, Meyerhof, Ramage, Curley
in Environmental Decision Making
2008
Stahl, Kapustka, Munns, Bruins, editors
2007
For information about SETAC publications, including SETAC’s international journals,
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and Integrated Environmental Assessment and
Management, contact the SETAC office nearest you:
SETAC SETAC Office
1010 North 12th Avenue Avenue de la Toison d’Or 67
Pensacola, FL 32501-3367 USA B-1060 Brussells, Belguim
T 850 469 1500 F 850 469 9778 T 32 2 772 72 81 F 32 2 770 53 86
E [email protected] E [email protected]
www.setac.org
Environmental Quality Through Science®
64169.indb 2 5/3/10 10:19:46 AM
Ecotoxicology of
Amphibians and
Reptiles
Second Edition
Edited by
Donald W. Sparling, Greg Linder,
Christine A. Bishop, Sherry K. Krest
Coordinating Editor of SETAC Books
Joseph W. Gorsuch
Copper Development Association, Inc.
New York, NY, USA
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
64169.indb 3 5/3/10 10:19:47 AM
Information contained herein does not necessarily reflect the policy or views of the Society of Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry (SETAC). Mention of commercial or noncommercial products and services does not imply endorsement
or affiliation by the author or SETAC.
Published in collaboration with the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
1010 North 12th Avenue, Pensacola, Florida 32501
Telephone: [phone] ; Fax: [phone]; Email: [email protected]
Web site: www.setac.org
© 2010 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
SETAC Press is an imprint of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-6417-9 (Ebook-PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-
lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy-
ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
and the SETAC Web site at
www.setac.org
SETAC Publications
Books published by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
(SETAC) provide in-depth reviews and critical appraisals on scientific subjects rel-
evant to understanding the impacts of chemicals and technology on the environment.
The books explore topics reviewed and recommended by the Publications Advisory
Council and approved by the SETAC North America, Latin America, or Asia/Pacific
Board of Directors; the SETAC Europe Council; or the SETAC World Council for
their importance, timeliness, and contribution to multidisciplinary approaches to
solving environmental problems. The diversity and breadth of subjects covered in
the series reflect the wide range of disciplines encompassed by environmental toxi-
cology, environmental chemistry, hazard and risk assessment, and life-cycle assess-
ment. SETAC books attempt to present the reader with authoritative coverage of the
literature, as well as paradigms, methodologies, and controversies; research needs;
and new developments specific to the featured topics. The books are generally peer
reviewed for SETAC by acknowledged experts.
SETAC publications, which include Technical Issue Papers (TIPs), workshop sum-
maries, newsletter (SETAC Globe), and journals (Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry and Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management), are useful
to environmental scientists in research, research management, chemical manufactur-
ing and regulation, risk assessment, and education, as well as to students consider-
ing or preparing for careers in these areas. The publications provide information
for keeping abreast of recent developments in familiar subject areas and for rapid
introduction to principles and approaches in new subject areas.
SETAC recognizes and thanks the past coordinating editors of SETAC books:
A.S. Green, International Zinc Association
Durham, North Carolina, USA
C.G. Ingersoll, Columbia Environmental Research Center
US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, USA
T.W. La Point, Institute of Applied Sciences
University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
B.T. Walton, US Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
C.H. Ward, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
64169.indb 5 5/3/10 10:19:47 AM
Cover photo credits
Sampling in the Sierras: With permission from Deborah F. Cowman, Executive Director, Brazos
Valley Museum of Natural History, Bryan, Texas.
Western fence lizard: With permission from Bill Bouton, http://www.flickr.com/photos/billbouton
/sets
Pacific tree frog skeletal view: With permission from Brandon Ballengée, “The Complex Life-
Cycle of the Trematode, Riberoria ondatrae” by Brandon Ballengée, 2002, 11 by 14 inches. Sakura
Ink on water-colour paper. Courtesy the artist and Archibald Arts, New York, NY. Collection of
Anthony Archibald J. Figure is from Rohr, J.R., T. Raffel, and S.K. Sessions. (2008). Parasites
and Amphibians. Chapter 4. In: Amphibian Biology, Conservation and Decline of Amphibians
(H, Heatwole, ed.) Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
Pacific tree frog: By Gary Fellers, US Geological Survey, copyright free.
European pond turtle: With permission from Manuel Ortiz Santaliestra, Instituto de Investigación
en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ciudad Real, Spain.
64169.indb 6 5/3/10 10:19:47 AM
Contents
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................ix
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................xiii
About the Editors ...........................................................................................................................xvii
List of Contributors .........................................................................................................................xix
Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................................xxi
Preface for Second Edition ..........................................................................................................xxiii
Preface from the First Edition........................................................................................................xxv
Chapter 1 Recent Advancements in Amphibian and Reptile Ecotoxicology ...............................1
Donald W. Sparling, Greg Linder, Christine A. Bishop, and Sherry K. Krest
Chapter 2 Declines and the Global Status of Amphibians .........................................................13
Ross A. Alford
Chapter 3 The Global Status of Reptiles and Causes of Their Decline ......................................47
Brian D. Todd, John D. Willson, and J. Whitfield Gibbons
Chapter 4 Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles in a Nutshell .........................................69
Greg Linder, Christine M. Lehman and Joseph R. Bidwell
Chapter 5 Physiological Ecology of Amphibians and Reptiles: Natural History
and Life History Attributes Framing Chemical Exposure in the Field....................105
Greg Linder, Brent D. Palmer, Edward E. Little, Christopher L. Rowe,
and Paula F.P. Henry
Chapter 6 Effects of Current-Use Pesticides on Amphibians ...................................................167
Christine M. Lehman and Bethany K. Williams
Chapter 7 Ecotoxicology of Pesticides in Reptiles ...................................................................203
Bruce D. Pauli, Stacey Money, and Donald W. Sparling
Chapter 8 Atrazine in the Environment and Its Implications for Amphibians and Reptiles ....225
Christine A. Bishop, Tana V. McDaniel, and Shane R. de Solla
Chapter 9 Ecotoxicology of Organic Contaminants to Amphibians ........................................261
Donald W. Sparling
vii
64169.indb 7 5/3/10 10:19:47 AM
viii Contents
Chapter 10 Organic Contaminants in Reptiles ...........................................................................289
Shane R. de Solla
Chapter 11 Interdisciplinary and Hierarchical Approaches for Studying the Effects
of Metals and Metalloids on Amphibians ................................................................325
W.A. Hopkins and Christopher. L. Rowe
Chapter 12 The Ecotoxicology of Metals in Reptiles .................................................................337
Britta Grillitsch and Luis Schiesari
Chapter 13 Solar UV Radiation and Amphibians: Factors Mitigating Injury ............................449
Edward E. Little and Robin D. Calfee
Chapter 14 Multiple Stressors and Indirect Food Web Effects of Contaminants
on Herptofauna .........................................................................................................475
Rick A. Relyea
Chapter 15 Emerging Contaminants and Their Potential Effects on Amphibians
and Reptiles ..............................................................................................................487
Laura L. McConnell and Donald W. Sparling
Chapter 16 A Decade of Deformities: Advances in Our Understanding
of Amphibian Malformations and Their Implications .............................................511
Pieter T.J. Johnson, Mari K. Reeves, Sherry K. Krest, and Alfred E. Pinkney
Chapter 17 Population Estimation Methods for Amphibians and Reptiles ................................537
Larissa L. Bailey and Marc J. Mazerolle
Chapter 18 Epilogue: Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles — Where Should
We Be Going and How Do We Get There? ..............................................................547
Greg Linder, Christine A. Bishop, Sherry K. Krest, and Donald W. Sparling
Appendix: Metal Contamination in Reptiles: An Appendix of Data Compiled from the
Existing Literature ......................................................................................................553
Britta Grillitsch and Luis Schiesari
Index ..............................................................................................................................................905
64169.indb 8 5/3/10 10:19:48 AM
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Total number of contaminant-related papers published between 1996
and 2008 by vertebrate class. ................................................................................3
Figure 1.2 Annual numbers of scientific publications for amphibians and reptiles
between 1996 and 2008 as listed in ISI Web of Science. ......................................4
Figure 1.3 Number of contaminant-related papers published for amphibians and
reptiles between 1996 and 2008 ............................................................................5
Figure 1.4 Percent of all scientific publications for amphibians and reptiles between
1996 and 2008 that were contaminant related. .................................................5
Figure 1.5 Contaminant-related papers published on amphibians between 1996
and 2008 by chemical class ..................................................................................6
Figure 1.6 Contaminant-related papers for amphibians that were published between
1996 and 2008 by taxonomic group ......................................................................6
Figure 1.7 A comparison of the numbers of papers published for amphibians between
1996 and 2008 by associated stressor. ...................................................................7
Figure 1.8 Number of contaminant-related papers published between 1996 and 2008
on reptiles by type of contaminant. .......................................................................7
Figure 1.9 Number of reptile contaminant-related papers published between 1996 and
2008 by taxonomic group. .....................................................................................8
Figure 1.10 A comparison of the number of contaminant- and disease-related papers
published annually for reptiles from 1996 to 2008 ...............................................8
Figure 2.1 Percentage of amphibian species with extant populations in nature in each
IUCN threat category for which 6 categories of threats are believed to be
operating .............................................................................................................17
Figure 3.1 Status of the major lineages of reptiles according to the World
Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List in 2009 ...................................................57
Figure 5.1 The conceptual model of energy and material flow provides a
physiological energetics framework for evaluating exposure with
traditional food chain models ............................................................................108
Figure 10.1 Cladistic classification of “reptiles” based upon monophyletic groupings .......290
Figure 10.2 Biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyls; both non-ortho (PCB 126) and
ortho (PCBs 153 and 187) chlorinated biphenyls are described .......................298
Figure 10.3 Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans; the most toxic forms
(2,3,7,8-chlorine-substituted) congeners are displayed .....................................300
Figure 10.4 Examples of the relative proportion of body burdens of organochlorine
pesticides (DDE, chlordane), PCBs, and PBDEs in a variety of animals,
including watersnakes, turtles, and alligators ...................................................300
ix
64169.indb 9 5/3/10 10:19:48 AM