Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles

916 Pages·2010·17.04 MB·English

by  Donald W. Sparling (ed.)

Ecotoxicology of
Amphibians and
Reptiles
Second Edition
64169.indb 1 5/3/10 10:19:45 AM
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Chemistry (SETAC)
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Ecotoxicology of
Amphibians and
Reptiles
Second Edition
Edited by
Donald W. Sparling, Greg Linder,
Christine A. Bishop, Sherry K. Krest
Coordinating Editor of SETAC Books
Joseph W. Gorsuch
Copper Development Association, Inc.
New York, NY, USA

Boca Raton London New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ecotoxicology of amphibians and reptiles / editors, Donald W. Sparling … [et al.]. -- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-6416-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Amphibians--Effect of pollution on. 2. Reptiles--Effect of pollution on. I. Sparling, D. W.
(Donald W.) II. Title.
QL641.E36 2010
597.8’1727--dc22 2010009484
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Cover photo credits
Sampling in the Sierras: With permission from Deborah F. Cowman, Executive Director, Brazos
Valley Museum of Natural History, Bryan, Texas.
Western fence lizard: With permission from Bill Bouton, http://www.flickr.com/photos/billbouton
/sets
Pacific tree frog skeletal view: With permission from Brandon Ballengée, “The Complex Life-
Cycle of the Trematode, Riberoria ondatrae” by Brandon Ballengée, 2002, 11 by 14 inches. Sakura
Ink on water-colour paper. Courtesy the artist and Archibald Arts, New York, NY. Collection of
Anthony Archibald J. Figure is from Rohr, J.R., T. Raffel, and S.K. Sessions. (2008). Parasites
and Amphibians. Chapter 4. In: Amphibian Biology, Conservation and Decline of Amphibians
(H, Heatwole, ed.) Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
Pacific tree frog: By Gary Fellers, US Geological Survey, copyright free.
European pond turtle: With permission from Manuel Ortiz Santaliestra, Instituto de Investigación
en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ciudad Real, Spain.

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Contents
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................ix
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................xiii
About the Editors ...........................................................................................................................xvii
List of Contributors .........................................................................................................................xix
Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................................xxi
Preface for Second Edition ..........................................................................................................xxiii
Preface from the First Edition........................................................................................................xxv
Chapter 1 Recent Advancements in Amphibian and Reptile Ecotoxicology ...............................1
Donald W. Sparling, Greg Linder, Christine A. Bishop, and Sherry K. Krest
Chapter 2 Declines and the Global Status of Amphibians .........................................................13
Ross A. Alford
Chapter 3 The Global Status of Reptiles and Causes of Their Decline ......................................47
Brian D. Todd, John D. Willson, and J. Whitfield Gibbons
Chapter 4 Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles in a Nutshell .........................................69
Greg Linder, Christine M. Lehman and Joseph R. Bidwell
Chapter 5 Physiological Ecology of Amphibians and Reptiles: Natural History
and Life History Attributes Framing Chemical Exposure in the Field....................105
Greg Linder, Brent D. Palmer, Edward E. Little, Christopher L. Rowe,
and Paula F.P. Henry
Chapter 6 Effects of Current-Use Pesticides on Amphibians ...................................................167
Christine M. Lehman and Bethany K. Williams

Chapter 7 Ecotoxicology of Pesticides in Reptiles ...................................................................203
Bruce D. Pauli, Stacey Money, and Donald W. Sparling
Chapter 8 Atrazine in the Environment and Its Implications for Amphibians and Reptiles ....225
Christine A. Bishop, Tana V. McDaniel, and Shane R. de Solla
Chapter 9 Ecotoxicology of Organic Contaminants to Amphibians ........................................261
Donald W. Sparling
vii
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viii Contents
Chapter 10 Organic Contaminants in Reptiles ...........................................................................289
Shane R. de Solla
Chapter 11 Interdisciplinary and Hierarchical Approaches for Studying the Effects
of Metals and Metalloids on Amphibians ................................................................325
W.A. Hopkins and Christopher. L. Rowe
Chapter 12 The Ecotoxicology of Metals in Reptiles .................................................................337
Britta Grillitsch and Luis Schiesari
Chapter 13 Solar UV Radiation and Amphibians: Factors Mitigating Injury ............................449
Edward E. Little and Robin D. Calfee
Chapter 14 Multiple Stressors and Indirect Food Web Effects of Contaminants
on Herptofauna .........................................................................................................475
Rick A. Relyea
Chapter 15 Emerging Contaminants and Their Potential Effects on Amphibians
and Reptiles ..............................................................................................................487
Laura L. McConnell and Donald W. Sparling
Chapter 16 A Decade of Deformities: Advances in Our Understanding
of Amphibian Malformations and Their Implications .............................................511
Pieter T.J. Johnson, Mari K. Reeves, Sherry K. Krest, and Alfred E. Pinkney
Chapter 17 Population Estimation Methods for Amphibians and Reptiles ................................537
Larissa L. Bailey and Marc J. Mazerolle
Chapter 18 Epilogue: Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles — Where Should
We Be Going and How Do We Get There? ..............................................................547
Greg Linder, Christine A. Bishop, Sherry K. Krest, and Donald W. Sparling
Appendix: Metal Contamination in Reptiles: An Appendix of Data Compiled from the
Existing Literature ......................................................................................................553
Britta Grillitsch and Luis Schiesari
Index ..............................................................................................................................................905
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List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Total number of contaminant-related papers published between 1996
and 2008 by vertebrate class. ................................................................................3
Figure 1.2 Annual numbers of scientific publications for amphibians and reptiles
between 1996 and 2008 as listed in ISI Web of Science. ......................................4
Figure 1.3 Number of contaminant-related papers published for amphibians and
reptiles between 1996 and 2008 ............................................................................5
Figure 1.4 Percent of all scientific publications for amphibians and reptiles between
1996 and 2008 that were contaminant related. .................................................5
Figure 1.5 Contaminant-related papers published on amphibians between 1996
and 2008 by chemical class ..................................................................................6
Figure 1.6 Contaminant-related papers for amphibians that were published between
1996 and 2008 by taxonomic group ......................................................................6
Figure 1.7 A comparison of the numbers of papers published for amphibians between
1996 and 2008 by associated stressor. ...................................................................7
Figure 1.8 Number of contaminant-related papers published between 1996 and 2008
on reptiles by type of contaminant. .......................................................................7
Figure 1.9 Number of reptile contaminant-related papers published between 1996 and
2008 by taxonomic group. .....................................................................................8
Figure 1.10 A comparison of the number of contaminant- and disease-related papers
published annually for reptiles from 1996 to 2008 ...............................................8
Figure 2.1 Percentage of amphibian species with extant populations in nature in each
IUCN threat category for which 6 categories of threats are believed to be
operating .............................................................................................................17
Figure 3.1 Status of the major lineages of reptiles according to the World
Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List in 2009 ...................................................57
Figure 5.1 The conceptual model of energy and material flow provides a
physiological energetics framework for evaluating exposure with
traditional food chain models ............................................................................108
Figure 10.1 Cladistic classification of “reptiles” based upon monophyletic groupings .......290
Figure 10.2 Biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyls; both non-ortho (PCB 126) and
ortho (PCBs 153 and 187) chlorinated biphenyls are described .......................298
Figure 10.3 Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans; the most toxic forms
(2,3,7,8-chlorine-substituted) congeners are displayed .....................................300
Figure 10.4 Examples of the relative proportion of body burdens of organochlorine
pesticides (DDE, chlordane), PCBs, and PBDEs in a variety of animals,
including watersnakes, turtles, and alligators ...................................................300
ix
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x List of Figures
Figure 10.5 Two organochlorine pesticides, p,p’-DDE and chlordane, which are among
the most common OC pesticides detected in biota ...........................................303
Figure 10.6 Three examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons often found in the
environment .......................................................................................................308
Figure 10.7 The surfactants perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid ............309
Figure 10.8 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; BDE 99 is typically found in penta
formulations, whereas BDE 209 is found in the deca formulation ...................310
Figure 10.9 Hydrocarbons found in crude oil mixtures and in some petroleum
products; asphaltene is highly variable .............................................................312
Figure 10.10 Oral LD50s of selected organic contaminants to rats; the lower the value,
the greater the toxicity .......................................................................................314
Figure 12.1 Periodic table of elements showing the metallic elements included in the
present review, and their classification according to their biological and
ecotoxicological relevance. ................................................................................339
Figure 12.2 Chronology of the cumulative number of publications dealing with the
ecotoxicology of metals in reptiles. ...................................................................341
Figure 12.3 Distribution of 109Cd among reproductive tissues in female painted turtles,
Chrysemys picta, 6, 24, and 192 hours after intravascular injection ................387
Figure 12.4 Distribution of mercury, cadmium, manganese, copper, iron, and zinc
among oviductal egg compartments in loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta .....388
Figure 12.5 Distribution of cadmium, copper, and mercury among reproductive and
nonreproductive tissues of female loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta ..............390
Figure 12.6 Distribution of cadmium among tissues of American alligators,
Alligator mississippiensis, 10 days after cadmium administration (single
intracardiac injection of CdCl , 1.0 mg/kg body mass) ...................................394
2
Figure 12.7 Mean mercury concentrations in tissues of wild and farm-raised American
alligators, Alligator mississippiensis .................................................................394
Figure 12.8 Mean lead concentrations in tissues of Chelydra serpentina in the Old
Lead Belt region (Missouri) ..............................................................................396

Figure 12.9 Distribution of information on metal concentrations in reptiles as indicated
by the numbers of publications per reptile order and suborder, and metal. ......403
Figure 13.1 Sunburn and lesions on a juvenile Ambystoma tigrinum exposed to
low-level irradiance in the laboratory. ...............................................................451
Figure 13.2 Absorbance scans for tannic acid, tea, and water from oak leaves soaked
for 2 months. ......................................................................................................455
Figure 13.3 Decreases in dissolved organic carbon increases UV-B exposure in the
water column in sites in Minnesota. ..................................................................455
Figure 13.4 (A) Average oviposition depth for Ambystoma gracile egg masses at 3
sites within Mt. Rainier National Park, Washington. (B) Dissolved organic
carbon concentration of water from 3 sites within Mt. Rainier National
Park, Washington ..............................................................................................459
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