Table Of ContentEcological Modelling and Ecotoxicology
Edited by
Leif Albert Jorgensen
Statistics Denmark
Copenhagen
Denmark
Sven Erik Jargensen
Royal Danish School of Pharmacy
Department of General Chemistry
Section of Environmental Chemistry
Copenhagen
Denmark
Soren Nors Nielsen
Royal Danish School of Pharmacy
Department of General Chemistry
Section of Environmental Chemistry
Copenhagen
Denmark
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1. Introduction to CCOTOX:
Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology
This CD-ROM is the highly anticipated follow-up to the
Handbook of Ecological Parameters and Ecotoxicology,
edited by Leif Albert Jorgensen, Sven Erik Jorgensen and
Soren Nors Nielsen. It provides the extensive tables, data and
parameters needed by modellers, theoretical scientists,
environmental managers, ecologists and toxicologists to
carry out estimates and calculations, as well as information
about the environmental effects of chemical substances.
Environmental problems cannot be solved in a simplistic
fashion: their complex nature requires quantification.
Environmental science and ecology have become
quantitative sciences because of the need for quantitative
estimates of environmental impacts and pollution effects. In
recent years there has been a growth in the amount of
environmental toxicological data available and an increasing
number of environmental models have been developed.
CCOTOX: Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology contains
twice as much information as the original print edition
(Handbook of Ecological Parameters and Ecotoxicology),
including up-to-date data and references to the scientific
literature.
ECOTOX is a fully searchable electronic database featuring:
O data presented clearly in over 4500 tables
O more than 1000 abstracts
U data on the effects of more than 1000 chemicals
O coverage of approximately 2500 chemical substances
(including background concentrations and substances
in organisms)
Q coverage of more than 200 species
O information sourced from more than 80 comprehensively
reviewed scientific journals
® bibliographic references and abstracts enabling users
to critically evaluate the basis of the data used
2 f C ( >TOX: Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology
2. About the Editors
ECOTOX: Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology is edited by
Leif Albert Jorgensen, Sven Erik Jorgensen and Soren Nors
Nielsen.
Leif Albert Jorgensen was born in 1951
in Copenhagen and gained an M.Sc. in
environmental biology from Copenhagen
University in 1977. His major work has
been directed towards environmental
modelling and environmental statistics.
His first project was the development of an environmental
model for Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga and Lake Albert in East
Africa, under contract for the World Meteorological
Organisation. He was in charge of a study in export
engineering at Copenhagen Technical College in 1987. In the
late 1980s, in response to major ecological problems in the
marine areas of Denmark, he directed the development of
ecological models with oxygen concentrations for
eutrophication purposes. He also integrated models of
nitrogen and phosphorus cycling developed in the early 1990s
with the harmonisation of agriculture, economics and
environmental quality. Since 1993 he has been working with
national environmental statistics covering broad areas such
as national freshwater and marine water quality,
environmental crime, consumption of dangerous substances
by the Danish society, and total national emissions from
urban and rural populations.
He has published more than 20 scientific papers, 25
national environmental statistics reports and several
environmental reports. Some selected publications are:
Jorgensen, L.A. 1999. The cycling of nitrogen in the Danish agricultural
sector and the loss to the environment. I/I/ater Science and Technology 39,
pp. 15-23. Selected proceedings of the International Workshop on
'Integrated Management of Water Quality - the Role of Agricultural
Diffuse Pollution Sources', 11-16 May 1997, Padua.
Jorgensen, L.A. & Pedersen, B. 1994. Trace metals in fish used for time
trend analysis and as environmental indicators. Marine Pollution Bulletin,
28, pp. 235-243.
Jorgensen, S.E., Nors Nielsen S.N. & Jorgensen, L.A. 1991. Handbook of
Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Jorgensen, L.A. 1989. Hydrology. In: The Occurence of Chrysochromulina
polylepis in the Skagerrak and Kattegat in May/June 1988: An Analysis of
Extent, Effects and Causes, ed. H. Barth & A. Nielsen. Water Pollution
Research Reports 10, CEC, Brussels, pp. 29-35.
€( OTOX: Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology 3
Jorgensen, S.E., Nielsen, L.K., Jorgensen, L.A. & Mejer, H.F. 1987. An
environmental management model for the Upper Nile lake system. Water Re
sources Development 3, pp. 52-58.
Jorgensen, L.A. 1986. CSMPC, a modelling tool for personal computers. IV
Congress of Ecology, 12-16 August, Syracuse, NY, pp. 32-35.
Jorgensen, L.A. 1984. Effects of impoundment on an eutrophic lake, with special
reference to the dynamics in the littoral zone. Ecological Modelling 7, pp. 40-57.
Jorgensen, L.A. 1981. EDE, Database for Ecological and Environmental Data.
Users Guide. International Society of Ecological Modelling, Copenhagen.
Jorgensen, S.E., Jorgensen, L.A., Mejer, H.F. & Nielsen, L.K. 1980. On
parameter estimation in Lake Glumso. Ecological Modelling 11, pp. 45-56.
Mejer, H.F., Jorgensen, S.E. & Jorgensen, L.A. 1980. On parameter estimation in
eutrophication modelling. Progress in Ecological Engineering and Management
by Mathematical Modelling, Liege, Belgium, pp. 231-346.
Sven Erik Jorgensen was born in 1934 in
Copenhagen, and gained a Master of Chemical
Engineering in 1958 at DTH, Denmark, a Dr.Eng.
(Environmental Engineering) in 1975 at Karlsruhe
University, Germany, and a Dr.Scient. (Ecological
Modelling) in 1992 at Copenhagen University. He
has worked at the Royal Danish School of
Pharmacy as Professor in Environmental Chemistry since 1965, and
has also held the position of Professor in Environmental Technology
at the Danish Agricultural University since 1978.
His areas of professional expertise include systems ecology,
ecological modelling, ecological engineering, environmental
science and environmental technology. He has travelled extensively
throughout his career, including spells as visiting professor at
institutions in Egypt, China, France and Thailand, amongst others,
and has taught courses in ecological modelling in many different
countries. He has acted as Secretary General of the International
Society for Ecological Modelling since 1978, and also took on the
role of Vice President of the International Lake Environmental
Committee in 1994. His current research interests include: structural
dynamic ecological models; development of ecotoxicological
parameter estimation software and ecotoxicological models;
ecological indicators of various forms of agricultural production;
and environmental risk assessment of toxic chemicals.
He has published over 200 research papers and more than 40
books. He has been Editor-in-Chief of the international peer-
reviewed journal Ecological Modelling since 1974, and acts as an
editorial board member on a number of other journals. Recent
relevant papers include:
4 i-i ( )JOX: Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology
Jorgensen, S.E., Lutzhoft, H.C. and Halling-Sorensen, B. 1998.
Development of a model for environmental risk assessment of growth
promoters. Ecological Modelling 107, pp. 63-72.
Patten, B.C., Straskraba, M. & Jorgensen, S.E. 1997. Ecosystem emerging 1:
conservation. Ecological Modelling 96, pp. 221-284.
Jorgensen, S.E. 1996. The application of ecosystem theory in limnology
Verhandlungen - Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und
Angewandte Limnologie. 26, pp. 181-192.
Jorgensen, S.E. & Padisak, J. 1996. Does the intermediate disturbance
hypothesis comply with thermodynamics? Hydrobiologia 323, pp. 9-21.
Anastacio, P.M., Nielsen, S.N., Marques, J.C. & Jorgensen, S.E. 1995.
Integrated production of crayfish and rice: a management model.
Ecological Engineering 4, pp. 100-210.
Jorgensen, S.E. 1995. State of the art of ecological modelling in limnology.
Ecological Modelling 78, pp. 101-116.
Soren Nors Nielsen was born in 1954 in
Vejle, Denmark, and graduated with an
M.Sc. in Biology from the University of
Copenhagen in 1984. He gained his Ph.D.
from the Royal Danish School of Pharmacy in
1992 on a study carried out at Risoe National
Laboratory and the National Environmental
Research Institute. Since 1992 he has been employed as
Research Professor at the Royal Danish School of Pharmacy.
His major work has been in the area of aquatic ecology and
biogeochemical modelling of mainly aquatic systems,
phytoplankton and macrophyte communities. Lately the
focus has been on structural dynamical changes as a
consequence of natural as well as human induced changes,
such as biomanipulation and the outlet of xenobiotic and
toxic effluents. His other areas of specialisation are: the
application of principles from recent ecosystem theory to
explain behavioural responses, evaluation of related
ecological indicators, and the implementation of these
principles through ecological engineering.
He has published 25 scientific papers in reviewed journals
and co-authored three books and 11 book chapters and
reports. A detailed c.v. and list of publications can be
found at the following website: http://www.dfh.dk/staff/
private/snn/myf ullcv.htm
6COTOX: Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology
3. About the Content of 6COTOX:
Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology
The tables in €COTOX: Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology
are divided into seven different chapters:
1. Composition and Ecological Parameters of Living Organisms
2. The Ecosphere and Chemical Compounds
3. Effects of Chemical Compounds
4. Chemical Compound Concentrations and the Living Organism
5. Equations for Environmental Processes
6. Processes in the Environment
7. Ecotoxicological Effects of Pesticides
Chapter 1. Composition and Ecological
Parameters of Living Organisms.
The focus is upon giving information that can be applied to a
specific organism under all circumstances. Specific attention
has been directed to dynamic parameters, such as half
saturation constants for uptake of different nutrients,
maximum growth rate, mortality rate and production:
biomass ratios. There is less emphasis on collection of site-
specific information and information for specific conditions,
e.g. the growth rate at a specific nutrient concentration.
The division of species is not systematic. A more functional
approach is used. Organisms are divided into algae, bacteria,
benthos, detritus, fish, fungi, invertebrates, kormophytes,
vertebrates and zooplankton. Species are found under the
most specific division, e.g. Daphnia pulex, a common species
of zooplankton, is found under zooplankton and not as an
invertebrate, although Daphnia pulex also is an invertebrate.
It may be noted that there is a division for detritus, i.e. dead
organic material, and this material does not belong to any of
the divisions of living species. However, in many ecosystems
detritus is an important element both in the food chain and
for consumption of dissolved oxygen in a water body.
Kormophytes are subdivided into macrophytes, plants and
trees. This means that one could also use the familiar words
'macrophytes' for larger plants in water bodies, 'plants' for
organisms growing on the soil, and 'trees' for large plants
with wooden stems. The information gathered about macro
phytes concerns the chemical composition, photosynthesis,
respiration, transpiration, compensation point, leaf area
index and other dynamic properties. Information about
pathogenic bacteria has been excluded from ECOTOX.
f ( ( UOX: Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology
The intention is to provide the parameters needed to
establish a full environmental model of an ecosystem.
Chapter 2. The Ecosphere and Chemical
Compounds
This chapter is divided into eight sections: biological
half-life, properties of chemical compounds, the
ecosphere, energy, light, sediment, soil and thermodynamic
value.
Information about biological half-life can be used for
simulation models, in which organisms are exposed to
compounds and the compounds are subsequently released
from the organisms. The elimination process is often divided
into different pools, where each pool has a different
biological half-life. The same process can be described by a
rate constant for the elimination rate. If a rate constant is
used instead of a biological half-life, the information can be
found in Chapter 6. The biological half-life is easy to
understand; e.g. after 14 days half of the amount in a body
has disappeared. It is more difficult to understand a rate
constant; e.g. a rate constant for elimination equal to 0.0495
per day. These two constants are actually the same
value expressed in two different ways. The constants are
bound together by the first-order reaction equation, which
states:
biological half-life = 0.693/(rate constant)
It is important to use the same units.
The information about properties of chemical compounds
is focused on properties used in environmental modelling,
such as the partition coefficients between octanol and water,
between organic matter and water, and between other
substances. The sorption between chemical compounds and
soil are also given. Information about solubility and vapour
pressure is only given for environmentally important
compounds. €COTOX does not contain chemical information,
but information about environmental problems linked to
chemical compounds.
The information about the ecosphere gives global data
on different types of vegetation and different pools
of carbon, water, trace metals and nitrogen. Information
about global production in different ecotypes around
the world is also given. The section on light gives the
solar energy distribution and reflection from different
surfaces.
€( OTOX: Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology
Chapter 3. Effects of Chemical Compounds
This chapter is divided into about 1000 different sections,
one for each chemical compound. The most common effect is
mortality, but effects on rates are also given, e.g. changes in
respiration and photosynthesis.
The focus has been upon collecting information about the
mortality of test animals exposed to different concentrations
of chemical compounds. Experiments commonly determine
the concentration at which 50% of test animals die - the
LC50 value. However, some researchers use other percentages,
such as LC10, at which 10% of the organisms die, or LC90, at
which 90% of the organisms die. The correct search word to
use is 'mortality': this will give you all effects concerning
changes in survival, including no effect levels (NOEC) and the
lowest concentration with observed effect (LOEC). Some
effects on important rates in the environment have been
included, since these rates are often included in
environmental modelling. In this area there is a linkage
between ecotoxicology and environmental modelling. The
rates that could be affected include respiration, egg
production and photosynthesis.
You will find no information about lethal dose, e.g. LD50.
Carcinogenic effects were also discarded during the selection
process. Information about changes in tissue appearance has
been avoided, since these changes are difficult to quantify.
Chapter 4. Chemical Compound Concentrations
and the Living Organism
This chapter is divided into eight different sections:
background concentration, concentrations at different
times, concentration factor, concentrations, concentrations
permissable, daily intake, excretion, and uptake including
uptake from soil with added sludge.
The section on background concentration contains
information about concentrations at a single place in an
ecosystem. This value can be used to compare concentrations
measured at other places. Efforts have been made to
limit this chapter, since information about concentrations
at single points seems almost unlimited. Large national
monitoring institutions collect information about
concentrations in the environment on a routine basis.
The growth of this type of information is due to the very
rapid growth of monitoring effort. Information can also be
found about properties of soil used for sorption experiments.
8 < ( 1 >T1OX: Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology
Concentration at different times is derived from the growing
effort invested in long-term monitoring programmes. These are
at present rather few, but it has been possible to find long-
term series for several environmental pollutants such as DDT
in the Baltic Sea and various compounds in the human body
in North America.
- The section about concentration factors relates a
concentration in an organism to the concentration in the
environment. The concentration factors were calculated by
the original authors. Information is also given concerning the
basis of the concentration measurement, i.e. whether the
concentration factor relates to a dry weight concentration or
wet weight concentration of a lipid.
The section on concentrations gives the concentration in an
organism and relates this information to the concentration in
the environment, i.e. at least two concentrations are given. A
concentration factor is not calculated, but could be calculated
by the user.
Additional information is given about the movement of
chemical compounds from soil with added sludge into plants,
and about uptake and excretion of specific chemical
compounds.
Chapter 5. Equations for Environmental Processes
This chapter is divided into many different sections, since it is
very difficult to establish a simple division of all the equations
describing the processes and relationships in the environment.
Equations used in environmental modelling and equations
used to describe organisms have been selected.
Information described in the form of equations is the most
condensed kind of information, but also the most important
information used in environmental modelling. All processes
from a normal lake model are included, such as photo
synthesis, respiration, growth, sedimentation, temperatur e
relationships, excretion, diffusion, oxygen uptake, and
filtration.
Equations about organisms are included where this
information describes properties such as body length versus
age group, body weight versus body length, metabolism
versus body length, food intake, and oxygen uptake versus
body length or weight.
€( ()TOX: Ecological Modelling and Ecotoxicology 8
