Table Of ContentEcosystems
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Kristiina A. Vogt
John C. Gordon
John P. Wargo
Daniel J. Vogt
Heidi Asbjornsen
Peter A.Palmiotto
Heidi J. Clark
Jennifer L. O'Hara
William S. Keeton
Toral Patel-Weynand
Evie Witen _co-
s stems
Balancing Science
with Management
with contributions by
Bruce Larson,
Denise Tortoriello,
Javier Perez, Anne Marsh,
Miel Corbett, Kerry Kaneda,
Fred Meyerson,
Daniel Smith
Springer
Kristiina A. Vogt, John C. Gordon, John P. Wargo, William S.Keeton
Daniel J. Vogt, Heidi Asbjornsen, Peter A.Palmiotto, University of Washington
Heidi J. Clark, Jenni[er L. O'Hara, Toral Patel-Weynand, College of Forest Resources
Bruce Larson, Denise Tortoriello, Javier Perez, Seattle, WA, USA
Anne Marsh, Miel Corbett, Kerry Kaneda,
Fred Meyerson, Daniel Smith Evie Witten
School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Executive Director
Yale University, Greeley Memorial Laboratory The Great Land Trust
370 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA Anchorage, AK, USA
Cover illustratt'on: Views of Mount Hood National Forest in Oregon.
Images are contemporary (top) and simulated 20 years
in the future (bottom). The computer simulatlon depicts the landscape
as it may look if the Northwest Forest Plan is implemented.
Images courtesy of Robert Ribe, University of Oregon Institute for
a Sustainable Environment.
Library of Congress-in-Publication Data
Ecosystems: balancing science with management / by Kristiina A. Vogt
... [et aL) ; with contributions by Bruce Larson ... [et aL].
p. an.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-387-94752-5 ISBN 978-1-4612-1908-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-1908-8
1. Ecosystem.management. 1. Vogt, Kristiina A.
QH75.E3234 1996 96-19134
333.95--dc20
Printed on acid-free paper.
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. in 1997
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987654321
ISBN 978-0-387-94752-5
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge several people who have contributed to
the thoughts presented in this book, even though they were not active
participants in the writing of this book. The following individuals have
contributed enthusiastic discussions on several of the topics: Thomas Spies,
Alan Covich, David Publicover, the Yale FES '"Patterns and Processes in
Terrestrial Ecosystems" class of 1995, Murray Rutherford, Thomas Sic-
cama, Pat Peacock, Lisa Diekmann, Jeffrey Andrews, Janine Bloomfield,
Joseph A. Miller, and Karen Beard. Special acknowledgment also has to go
to Kipen Kolesinskas (Connecticut State Soil Scientist, Natural Resources
Conservation Service, USDA), who contributed significantly to the de-
velopment of the soil section. Philip Wargo (US Forest Service Northeast
Center for Forest Health Research) also contributed exciting new perspec-
tives on the role of disease in controlling ecosystem structure and function
and we appreciated his input to the development of our ideas. The ideas
v
Acknowledgments
developed in this book occurred while conducting research supported by
the National Science Foundation on the long-term Ecological Research
Program in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico and as part
of research support to Yale University and the University of Washington.
Support from the USDA Forest Service, Northeast Global Change Program
and USDA Forest Service Insect and Disease Lab were also instrumental
in developing many of our ideas on ecosystems.
vi
Contents
Acknowledgments v
1 Introduction 1
2 Ecosystem Concept: Historical and Present Review
of Definitions and Development of Ecosystem
Ecology, Ecosystem Management, and Its Legal
Framework 13
2.1 Roots of the Ecosystem Ecology Concept . 16
2.2 Roots of Management. . . . 88
2.3 Ecosystem Management . . . . . . . . . . 96
vii
Contents
3 Tools and Knowledge Base Presently Available
to Do Ecosystem Management and to Assess Its
Success 115
3.1 Overview................... 115
3.2 Factors Contributing to Ecosystem Scales. 117
3.3 Spatial Boundary Considerations ..... 125
3.4 Spatial Scales Overview. . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.5 Disturbances as Temporal Agents of Ecosystem Change. 138
3.6 Parameters Used to Study Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . .. 141
4 Detecting Resistance and Resilience of Ecosystems 187
4.1 Signs of Ecosystem Degradation and Indicators of
Ecosystem State Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.2 Useful Approaches for Detecting Ecosystem Change. 198
5 Case Studies: Degrees of Ecosystem Management 267
5.1 Ecosystem Management: What Is Happening in the Field. 267
5.2 Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team's
Management Plan for Old-Growth Ecosystems Within
Range of the Northern Spotted Owl in the Pacific
Northwest United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
5.3 National Forest Ecosystem Management . . . . . . . . 297
5.4 Developing Sustainable Management: Cases from the
Pulp and Paper Companies . 317
5.5 Adirondack Park Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
6 Science and Management of Ecosystems Synthesis 367
6.1 Ecosystem Management Framework . . . . . . . . . .. 367
6.2 What Should Be Monitored for Ecosystem Management 372
6.3 Impediments to Utilizing the Ecosystem Management
Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
6.4 Adaptive Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
6.5 Principles of Ecosystem Management. . . . . . . . . . 379
6.6 Costs and Benefits of Instituting Ecosystem Management
as a New Environmental Management Scheme ...... 382
viii
Contents
References 389
Appendix: Ecological, Management and Legal
Development of Concepts Relevant to Ecosystems
Through Time 435
nndex 459
ix
