Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation in Practice

605 Pages·2016·14.83 MB·English

by  Fabrice G. Renaud

Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research
Fabrice G. Renaud
Karen Sudmeier-Rieux
Marisol Estrella
Udo Nehren E ditors
Ecosystem-Based
Disaster Risk
Reduction and
Adaptation in
Practice
Advances in Natural and Technological
Hazards Research
Volume 42
-
The book series entitled Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards is ded-
icated to serving the growing community of scholars, practitioners and policy
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Fabrice G. Renaud • Karen Sudmeier-Rieux
Marisol Estrella • Udo Nehren
Editors
Ecosystem-Based Disaster
Risk Reduction and
Adaptation in Practice
Editors
FabriceG.Renaud KarenSudmeier-Rieux
UnitedNationsUniversityInstitute CommissiononEcosystemManagement
forEnvironmentandHuman InternationalUnionforConservation
Security(UNU-EHS) ofNature
Bonn,Germany Gland,Switzerland
MarisolEstrella UdoNehren
Post-ConflictandDisasterManagement InstituteforTechnologyandResources
Branch ManagementintheTropics
UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme andSubtropics(ITT)
Geneva,Switzerland THK€oln,UniversityofAppliedSciences
K€oln,Germany
Disclaimer:Thefactsandopinionsexpressedinthisworkarethoseoftheauthor(s)andnotnecessarily
thoseoftheirorganizations.
ISSN1878-9897 ISSN2213-6959 (electronic)
AdvancesinNaturalandTechnologicalHazardsResearch
ISBN978-3-319-43631-9 ISBN978-3-319-43633-3 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-43633-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016947057
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
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Foreword
Eachyear,disastersoccupyheadlinesindifferentpartsoftheworld.Thefrequency
and impacts of disasters have increased in the last few decades due to human
activities and exacerbated by a changing climate. Disasters such as earthquakes,
landslidesandfloodscosthumanlivesandaffecteconomicgrowthofcountries.
The Himalayas region, in particular, is highly vulnerable to disasters, while at
thesametime,itservesasawatertowerandsupportsmorethan1.5billionpeople
inthesouthernplains.NepalasacountryinthecentralHimalayasislistedinthetop
20 most disaster-prone countries in the world, experiencing hundreds of disasters
everyyear.Thecountryfacedtremendouslossduetothe7.8-magnitudeearthquake
that occurred in April 2015, killing more than 9000 people and several hundred
thousand livestock and damaging numerous building, infrastructure and cultural
sites.
Wehavelongunderstoodthattakingcareofourenvironmentandworkingwith
nature constitute two of the best defences we have against natural hazards and
climatechange.Healthy,well-managedecosystemscanmitigateorpreventcertain
hazards,bufferagainsthazardimpactsaswellasenhancecommunityresilienceby
providing basic needs and supporting livelihoods. But the potential role of
harnessingnatureandecosystem-basedsolutionsforreducingdisasterandclimate
risksremainslargelyuntappedglobally.
I wish to mention one unique ecological zone referred to as the “Chure” in
Nepal. Locatedbetweenthe southern Terai and northern midhills andwith Hima-
layan mountains ranging from 300 to 1000 m above sea level, the Chure zone is
experiencing rapid deforestation and rampant extraction of sand and gravel. Eco-
system degradation in the Chure has resulted in increased landslides, severe soil
erosionandflashfloodsandhassignificantlyreducedagriculturalproductioninthe
region, known as the “breadbasket” of the nation. As head of state of the govern-
ment of Nepal from 2008 to 2015, the government of Nepal initiated the “Chure
Conservation Program” and established the President Chure Terai Madhesh Con-
servation Board, which was solely dedicated to manage the Chure region and
reduce disaster risk through ecosystem management and climate-smart
v
vi Foreword
programmes. Drawing from these experiences, Nepal also has many lessons to
sharewiththeglobalcommunity.
It is in this context that this book can make an important contribution. It was
produced in a year when three major global policy agendas were negotiated,
namely,theSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction(SFDRR),Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) and the UNFCCC COP 21 Paris Agreement. Imple-
mentation of these agreements in countries and communities will demand inte-
gratedstrategies.Thebookexamineshowimprovedecosystemmanagementhelps
to maximize the integration of disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation
andsustainabledevelopment.Iappreciatethecontentofthebookandcongratulate
authors and editors for their contribution in highlighting opportunities of working
withnaturetoaddressourglobalchallenges.
PresidentofTheFederalDemocratic RamBaranYadav
RepublicofNepal(2008–2015)
Kathamandu,Nepal
Acknowledgements
Weareextremelygratefultothefollowingexpertswhohavevolunteeredtheirtime
and knowledge to review the chapters in this book. Alphabetically, our sincerest
thanksgotoMarwanAlraggad(Water,EnergyandEnvironmentCenter(WEEC),
University of Jordan, Jordan), James Blignaut (Beatus, Asset Research,
Futureworks, SAEON, and Department of Economics, University of Pretoria,
South Africa), James K. Boyce (University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA),
GernotBrodnig(InternationalUnionfortheConservationofNature,Switzerland),
John Connell (University of Sydney, Australia), Kathryn K. Davies (National
Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand), Dolf de Groot
(Wageningen University, the Netherlands), Nathalie Doswald (Biodiversity and
Climate Change Consultant, Switzerland), Nigel Dudley (School of Geography,
Planning and Environmental Management at the University of Queensland and
Equilibrium Research, UK), Nadir Ahmed Elagib (Institute for Technology and
ResourcesManagementintheTropicsandSubtropics(ITT),THK€oln(University
of Applied Sciences), Germany), Olivia E. Freeman (ASB Partnership for the
TropicalForestMargins,WorldAgroforestryCentre(ICRAF),Kenya),Christiane
Grinda(InstituteofRescueEngineeringandCivilProtection,THK€oln(University
ofAppliedSciences), Germany),GregGuannel(The Nature Conservancy, USA),
Johannes Hamhaber (Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the
Tropics and Subtropics, TH K€oln (University of Applied Sciences), Germany),
Nivedita Haran (Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India), James
Hardcastle (International Union for Conservation of Nature, Switzerland),
Srikantha Herath (United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of
Sustainability,Tokyo,Japan),DyahRahmawati Hizbaron (Faculty ofGeography,
UniversitasGadjahMada,Indonesia),HiromuIto(UniversityofTsukuba,Japan),
Michel Jaboyedoff (Institute of Earth Science, University of Lausanne, Switzer-
land), Stacy Jupiter (Wildlife Conservation Society, Suva, Fiji), Jose´ Gabriel
Vito´ria Levy (United Nations Development Programme, Mauritania), Ananda
Mallawatantri (International Union for Conservation of Nature, Sri Lanka), Muh
Aris Marfai (Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia), Maria
vii
viii Acknowledgements
Luisa Mart´ınez (Instituto de Ecolog´ıa, A.C. Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico), Brian
G.McAdoo(Yale-NUSCollege,Singapore),ImenMeliane(7SeasEnvironmental
Strategies,Tunisia),AbdulMuhari(DirectorateofCoastalandOcean,Directorate
General for Coasts, Marine and Small Islands, Ministry of Marine Affairs and
Fisheries,Indonesia),SanthakumarVelappanNair(AzimPremjiUniversity,Ban-
galore, India), Siddharth Narayan (National Center for Ecological Analysis and
Synthesis (NCEAS), UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA), Celia
Norf(InstituteofRescueEngineeringandCivilProtection,THK€oln(Universityof
Applied Sciences), Germany), Pascal Peduzzi (GRID-Geneva, United Nations
EnvironmentProgramme,Switzerland),DinilPushpalal(GraduateSchoolofInter-
national Cultural Studies, Tohoku University, Japan), Borja G. Reguero (Depart-
ment of Ocean Sciences, University of California-Santa Cruz, and The Nature
Conservancy, USA), Jakob Rhyner (United Nations University Institute for Envi-
ronment and Human Security, Bonn, Germany), Rebecca J. Sargisson (The Uni-
versity of Waikato, New Zealand), Dietmar Sattler (Institute of Geography,
UniversityofLeipzig,Germany),ZitaSebesvari(UnitedNationsUniversityInsti-
tuteforEnvironmentandHumanSecurity,Bonn,Germany),RajibShaw(Graduate
School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan), Joerg
Szarzynski(UnitedNationsUniversityInstituteforEnvironmentandHumanSecu-
rity, Bonn, Germany), Muralee Thummarukudy (Disaster Risk Reduction
Programme Manager, UN Environment Programme, Switzerland), Paul Venton
(International Development Consultant for Climate Change, Disasters and Envi-
ronment,Boston,Massachusetts,USA),GregoryVerutes(NaturalCapitalProject,
Stanford University, USA), Derek Vollmer (Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-
ETH Centre for Global Environmental Sustainability, Singapore), Vanja
Westerberg (Altus Impact, Switzerland) and Pramaditya Wicaksono (Faculty of
Geography,UniversitasGadjahMada,Indonesia).
We are also grateful to Toa Loaiza from the Institute for Technology and
Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, TH K€oln (University of
AppliedSciences),Germany,for her invaluable editorial support during the prep-
arationofthisbook.
Any errors found in this book are the sole responsibility of the chapter authors
andoftheeditors.
Contents
1 DevelopmentsandOpportunitiesforEcosystem-BasedDisaster
RiskReductionandClimateChangeAdaptation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FabriceG.Renaud,UdoNehren,KarenSudmeier-Rieux,
andMarisolEstrella
PartI EconomicApproachesandToolsforEco-DRR/CCA
2 ValuingEcosystemsasanEconomicPartofClimate-Compatible
DevelopmentInfrastructureinCoastalZones
ofKenya&SriLanka. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . 23
LucyEmerton,MarkHuxham,JilBournazel,
andM.PriyanthaKumara
3 CostBenefitAnalysisforEcosystem-BasedDisasterRisk
ReductionInterventions:AReviewofBestPractices
andExistingStudies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
MartaVicarelli,RohiniKamal,andMariaFernandez
4 MangrovePaymentsforEcosystemServices(PES):
AViableFundingMechanismforDisasterRiskReduction?. . . . . 75
DanielA.FriessandBenjaminS.Thompson
5 Ecosystem-BasedAdaptationandDisasterRiskReduction:
CostsandBenefitsofParticipatoryEcosystemServices
ScenariosforSˇumavaNationalPark,CzechRepublic. . . . . . . . . . 99
ZuzanaV.Harma´cˇkova´,ElisˇkaKrkosˇkaLorencova´,
andDavidVacˇka´rˇ
ix