Table Of ContentEconomicImpact oftheContainerTraffic
at thePort ofAlgeciras Bay
Daniel Coronado
Manuel Acosta
María del Mar Cerbán
María del Pilar López (Eds.)
Economic Impact
of the Container Traffic
at the Port
of Algeciras Bay
With8Figuresand43Tables
123
Dr.DanielCoronado
Dr.ManuelAcosta
Dr.MaríadelMarCerbán
UniversityofCadiz
DepartmentofEconomics
DuquedeNajera8
11002Cadiz
Spain
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
MaríadelPilarLópez
UniversityofCadiz
SchoolofBusiness
Algeciras
Avda.deArcoss/n
11405Cadiz
Spain
[email protected]
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006929867
ISBN-10 3-540-36788-8 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
ISBN-13 978-3-540-36788-8 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
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Acknowledgments
Thisstudyistheresultofacollaborationagreementsignedbetween
thePortAuthorityofAlgecirasBayandtheUniversityofCádizand
wascarriedoutattherequestofthePortAuthority.Inparticular,the
authorswouldlikeexplicitlytoexpressitsgratitudetoallthoseper-
sonswho,inonewayoranother,havecontributedtoitscompletion,
and especially to the President of the Port Authority, for the confi-
dence deposited in the University of Cádiz to carry out this study,
and to the managers and other staff of the Port Authority for their
readinessatalltimestoprovideuswithinformation.
Equally we wish to express our gratitude to the managements of
MaerskSpainS.A.,andtheContainerTerminalofAlgeciras,whohave
alsorespondedonnumerousoccasionstotheStudyTeam’srequests
for clarification of doubts or further information. We extend these
acknowledgments to all the companies and institutions of the Bay
ofAlgecirasassociatedwiththeprocessofcontainerisation,without
whose collaboration and interest it would have been impossible to
completethisstudy.
Lastly, we are grateful to the University of Cádiz for putting at
ourdisposalthematerialresourcesnecessary,andforprovidingthe
environment and working conditions appropriate for undertaking
thiswork.
Contents
Introduction 1
1 ContainerTrafficfromanEconomicPerspective:
Analysis,TrendsandProspects 5
1.1 Introduction .......................................................... 5
1.2 TheContainerisationProcess:
Concepts,ResourcesandRelationships...................... 6
1.2.1 ContainerisationandIntermodality.................. 6
1.2.2 AgentsandActivitiesInvolved
intheContainerisationProcess ........................ 9
1.3 EvolutionoftheContainerisationBusiness:
TrendsandProspects .............................................. 13
1.3.1 EvolutionofContainerTraffic:
GlobalPerspective.......................................... 13
1.3.2 ConcentrationoftheBusiness
andActivitiesRelatedtoContainerisation.......... 13
1.4 CurrentFeaturesoftheGlobalProcess
ofContainerisation:IncreasingSizeoftheVessels,
StrategicAlliancesandCompetition.......................... 16
1.4.1 IncreaseintheSizeofVessels........................... 16
1.4.2 Strategic Alliances and Cooperation Between
Companies.................................................... 20
1.4.3 CompetitionBetweenPorts ............................. 22
1.5 Conclusions........................................................... 24
2 ThePortofAlgecirasBay:PhysicalandLogistic
InfrastructureintheContextoftheMediterraneanPorts 27
2.1 Introduction .......................................................... 27
2.2 ThePortofAlgecirasBay......................................... 27
VIII Contents
2.3 PortInfrastructureforContainerTraffic .................... 29
2.3.1 ContainerTerminalResources
andCharacteristics......................................... 29
2.3.2 Investments/Projections.................................. 30
2.3.3 AccesstothePort
andtotheLandInfrastructures........................ 32
2.4 PortInfrastructureforContainerTraffic
intheContextoftheMediterraneanPorts.................. 35
2.5 LogisticsInfrastructure:MaritimeRoutesandCarriers 39
2.6 Conclusions........................................................... 46
3 ContainerTrafficinthePortofAlgecirasBay:
EvolutionandRelativePosition 49
3.1 Introduction .......................................................... 49
3.2 EvolutionandSpecialisationofContainerTraffic
inthePBA,intheContextofSpanishPorts................. 49
3.2.1 ContainerTraffic:EvolutionandIndices
ofContainerisation......................................... 49
3.2.2 ContainerTrafficintheContextofSpanishPorts:
EvolutionandSpecialisation............................ 51
3.3 EvolutionandRelativePosition,
inRelationtothePrincipalMediterraneanPorts......... 61
3.4 ContainerTrafficofthePBA,intheGlobalContext...... 65
3.5 ContainerTrafficin2003 andtheLandandMaritime
ZonesofCommercialExchange................................ 67
3.6 Conclusions........................................................... 72
4 TheEconomicImpactofContainerTraffic 75
4.1 Introduction .......................................................... 75
4.2 TheContainerisation Process inthePortof Algeciras
Bay:CompaniesandEconomicActivities................... 76
4.2.1 Container Terminals and Vertically-integrated
Companies.................................................... 77
4.2.2 PortServices ................................................. 80
4.2.3 CustomsAgents,ForwardersandShips’Agents.. 83
4.2.4 LandTransport(byRoadandRail)................... 84
Contents IX
4.2.5 PortAuthority ............................................... 84
4.2.6 PublicInstitutionsandOfficialServices.
CustomsandPara-CustomsAuthorities............. 85
4.3 EconomicActivitiesinthePAB
andTheirDegreesofDependency............................. 86
4.4 QuantificationoftheDirectEconomicImpact ............ 87
4.5 QuantificationoftheIndirect
andInducedEconomicEffects.................................. 89
4.5.1 IndirectEconomicEffects................................ 89
4.5.2 InducedEconomicEffects................................ 93
4.6 TotalEconomicImpactoftheContainerTraffic........... 96
4.7 Conclusions........................................................... 98
Methodology 101
A.1 StudiesoftheEconomicImpactofPorts .................... 101
A.2 GeneralApproach................................................... 104
A.3 VariablesofImpact................................................. 106
A.4 PeriodofStudyandGeographicArea ........................ 106
A.5 Stages.................................................................... 107
A.6 StudyExecutionPhases........................................... 110
A.7 Input-OutputTablesofAndalusiaandDeflators.......... 111
A.8 Limitations............................................................ 115
Bibliography 117
Introduction
Thequantificationoftheeffectsresultingfromtheprovisionofport
infrastructure (understood in the widest sense, fixed capital plus
servicesprovided)invariousstudiesoftheSpanishandforeignports
hasdemonstratedthesignificantcontributionofsuchinvestmentto
the economic development of the local area in which the port is
located. The successes achieved in the evaluation made from such
analyseshaveprovedtobeveryusefulfortheeconomicandpolitical
decision making, and have consequently become an incentive for
similar work to be undertaken on other parts of the Spanish port
system. A Study of global economic impact of the Port of Algeciras
Bay(PAB)wascarriedoutsomeyearsagoontheinitiativeofthePort
Authority. The results showed its strategic value as a driving force
in the generation of employment, economic activity and general
socioeconomic development in its area. The notable growth and
consolidationofoneofitsactivities–containertraffic–nowjustifies
amorespecificresearchthatmayhelptoevaluatemorepreciselythe
socioeconomic importance of this activity undertaken by the PAB,
notonlyfortheinhabitantsoftheAlgecirasBaybutalsoforthewhole
ofAndalusia.
The PAB handled a volume of more than two and a half mil-
lion TEUs in 2003, ranking the first position for container traffic in
the Spanish port network and the second in all the Mediterranean
ports. This figure justifies a specific study of the economic impact
oftheseactivities.Thecontainerizationprocessinitsportphasein-
volves a complex of interrelated economic activities whose effects
on employment, value added, etc., spread through the entire chain
of production and distribution of the local and regional economy.
Theassessmentof therealwealthgeneratedbythecontainertraffic
should consider the economic benefits to the users of the port, in
additiontothewidersocialadvantages(intermsofincomeandem-
2 Introduction
ployment) generated by the presence of the container traffic at the
PAB.Twowelldifferentiatedtypesofcommercialactivitiescoexistin
theportbasedaspectsofthecontainerizationprocess:transhipment
ontheonehand,andexport/importationontheother.Theeconomic
impactwillbebrokenintothesetwomarkets.
Themainobjectivesofthisstudyofimpactofthecontainertraffic
canbespecifiedasfollows:
1. To estimate the economic activity generated by the container
trafficatthePBA,sothatthisinformationmaybeutilisedaspart
ofthecriteriainstrategicdecision-making.
2. ToevaluatethecontributionofthePorttotheeconomicdevelop-
mentoftheAlgecirasBayandAndalusia.
In other words, we will try to offer a detailed information of the
principalmagnitudesthatdemonstratetheimportanceofthePort’s
containerisationservicesantheirmultipliereffects.
From these general objectives, we set out the following specific
objectives:
1. Tocalculatethenumberofdirect,indirectandinducedjobsgen-
eratedbytheprocessofcontainerisation.
2. Todeterminetheprincipaleconomicmagnitudes(incomesfrom
employment, gross operating margins, taxes and sales volume)
generated in the companies associated with the services of con-
tainerisation.
3. To obtain the gross value added that is produced from the con-
tainerisation activity and its contribution to the provincial and
regionaleconomy.
4. Toidentifythesectorsthataremostdependentonthecontainer-
isationactivities.
In order to meet the general and specific objectives we have struc-
tured this study in four chapters. The first is the basic context or
globalframework,whereinadditiontothebasicfiguresonthemain
trendsofthecontainerisationbusiness,thecharacteristicsthatcur-
rently condition this process are presented. In the second chapter
the physical characteristics of the PAB in relation to this activity
areexplained,andthesituationinrespectofthephysicalandlogis-
tics infrastructure prevailing in the principal Mediterranean ports
Introduction 3
is described. The object of the third chapter is to make a compar-
ative analysis of the evolution of the container traffic, in order to
situate the PAB in the contexts of both the Spanish ports and those
of the rest of the world. In the fourth chapter the economic effects
are determined; the economic impacts of the Port of Algeciras Bay
and its economic relevance are derived from the application of the
methodology employed, which is described in appropriate detail in
AnnexA.1.Weobtainquantitativelythevalueofaseriesofeconomic
magnitudesbothforthetranshipmentofcontainersandfortherel-
evantexport/importactivities;thisdataprovidesusaglobalpicture
oftheeconomicsignificanceofthecontainerisationactivitiesinthe
PortofAlgecirasBayandinitshinterland.
