Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece: An Introduction

411 Pages·4.004 MB·English

by  Austin, M. M. & Vidal-Naquet, P.

Economic and
Social History
of Ancient Greece:
AN INTRODUCTION
M.M. AUSTIN
and
P. VIDAL-NAQUET
Translated and revised by
M.M. AUSTIN
BATSFORD ACADEMIC
AND EDUCATIONAL LID
London
First English language edition I 977
Originally published in France as
Economies et societes en Grece ancienne
by Librarie Armand Colin, Paris
Firstedition I972
Second edition I973
Reprinted I98o, 1986
Copyright in English text© M. M. Austin and P. Vidal-Naquet, I 977
Copyright in French text@ Librarie Armand Colin, I972, I973
Filmset in I If I 2 pt 'Monophoto' Sabon 669
by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester
Printed in the United States of America
for the publishers
Batsford Academic and Educational Ltd.
4 Fitzhardinge Street
London W I H oAH
ISBN o 7I340265 2 (Limp edition)
Contents
Preface XII
Acknowledgments XIV
Abbreviations XV
PART I: INTRODUCTION
I Concepts and General Problems 3
The controversy over the ancient Greek economy 3
The economy in Greece is embedded in society 8
'Non-economic' factors and economic activity I I
Slavery in Greece I8
Social history 20
The main sources 26
2 The Homeric World 36
The Mycenaean world 36
The Homeric poems as historical sources 37
Characteristics of the Homeric world 40
The lower classes in Homer 44
3 The Archaic Period (Eighth-Sixth Centuries) 49
The development of the 'polis' 49
The troubles of the archaic age 53
The origins of coinage 56
Agrarian aspects of the crisis 58
The different solutions to the crisis: colonization 6 I
The imports of corn 69
Redistribution of land and improvement in the status of the
peasants 70
4 The Archaic States and Sparta 78
Typology of Greek states 78
The principal categories in Sparta 8 I
The originality of Sparta 90
V
Contents
VI
5 ClassAitchaeln s 94
Charactoefrt ihAsett hiecnsti yaponefs tate 94
Thel egcaalt egdoorn iocetos r restposo oncdci laals ses1 30
Thee conoemffiecc tiovfet nhAeeths esn itaynpo efs tate 106
TheG reeCki taineEdsc onoPmriocb lems 121
6
Thee conobmeihca voifGo rueres kt ates 112
Poloicfiy mp oratnsnd o etx prots 131
Thei mprott rades lI5
Thefi scpaoll oifcGy r eceikt ies l8I
The Greeakn dtch iertieirve esn muiense:s 102
Taxation 112
Thec ontorfeo clo noamcitci vity 132
TheG receikt ainecdso inage 124
'Imperiaanldti rsimb'u te I25
TheT imoefC reiss 131
7
TheP elopsoinaWnnae ra ndG reehki story 131
Wari nt hfeo urctehn tury 132
Thed eveloopfmm einltit teacrhyn iques 135
Soccioanlfl aincdtt hse viemrpioshomfte hmneat s ses 138
Thep rogorfem sosn aracnhdmy o naircciahdle ology1 24
Intearsnpaeloc ftt hsde e cloiftn hece i itnyA thens 144
Ther eacttioto hncesr isis 145
Innovaitnti hoeenc so nolmiiofcfAe thens 174
Thae bandonomfe ntth e idpeeaals anoft -ctihtei 1z15e n
PART ANCIENSTO URCES
2:
1 ConceapntGdse nePrraolb lems 195
I Extrfarcotams treoan't Eicsoen o(mPi-scA.sr'i stot1l95e )
2 Aristhootulsee:mh aonladmg een(t' oikonaonmdti hae' )
arotfa cquis(i'tcihorne matistike') 126
3 Prestwiagref aaonrfcde o enmtpfto trh e tarmaodnegs
BarbarainaGdnr se e(kHesr odotus) 186
4 XenophSoonc'rsa atnedhs i ast tittuoad ret isans,
famrerasn d warriors 169
5 Arilseta nodtth ter ades 107
6 Diviosfil oanb oourdr i viosfti roand( ePsl ato,
Xenophon) 117
7 Wari nf ormteirm (eTsh ucydides) 137
8 Convenotnti hosenh aroifbn ogo atnydo nc ommerce
betwetehnCe r etcaint oifeC sn ossaonsdT ylissos
(c4.5 0()i nscription) 147
9 Thep rofiotfws a rt:h Aet henainadtn hsce a ptoufr e
Hykkar(as ummer41 5)( Thuceysd)i d 175
Contents
Vll
10 Hesitohdne e aefndod r work 167
Thed iinscttiboent wetehnae rtiasnadn his work
I I
(Plutarch) 177
12C aonn see rlbilbo nbse,a nA thenwioamna n raenmda in
respelce(t?eDa mbotshenes) 178
13W orakn sdl av(erArioysp thasn)e 108
14W omecnh,li derna,tr ainsssl,a vtehdsei: eff retnytpo efs
socaiuatlh o(rrAiiotstytl e) 118
15B efosrlea vweosm:e( nHe rodoPthuesr,e crates1)48
16M yht ont hoer igoifnm asl dee mocraatAc tyh ens
(Varro) 168
17N icviearsAs lusca idbeitsh:oe l d vtehryeso uusnT gh?e
debaotnte h Sei caine lxiped(it45i1)(oT nh ucydid1e78s )
18T hep opucllaarsa ssse eseb nya no ligarch
(Ps.-Xenophon) 198
19S ocoiragla snosc,fi nuaclt iaonnsdso ccilaals ses:
Aristtoetrlmei'nso logy 109
20R edistroiftb huwete iaolontft h h e acmiotntygh e
citi(zHeenrso dotus) 193
2 TheH omeriWco rld 195
21T hheo nooufkr i sn( gIald)i 195
22H omerviacl u(Iedlsi) a 169
23 Ther osotomoft r he'e o ik(oOsdy'ys )s e 179
24E umaeduess crtihfbele osoc fkO sd syse(uOsd yys)s e 198
25R adiinogff lo(cIkls)i ad 198
26H ospitgailafinttcd yo :u ntte( rO-dgyyis)sf e 199
27D iivosni toafs ksm aairntedis mpecialaimzoantgi on
thPeh aeac(iOdaynyss)s e 200
28H omer'idcei moer(gOodiy'ys )s e 201
29T het he(tOedssy esy) 201
30B arbaorfita hgneos l daegnet :hC ey clo(pOedsyses y) 202
31G oonde ighbaonusdre sl f-su(ffiHecsoiide)n cy 203
TheA rchaPiecr io(dE ighth-SCiexntthu ries) 205
3
32T hej ustoifkc ien tghspe:e asaannttdhs ce i ty
(Hesiod) 205
33P easainntt hcsei (tTyh eiosg)n 206
34T heh opelsri'et pbul(iAcr istotle) 207
35G reeceex pohrethrso l pei stm:e rcenianEr giyepst
(icnrsiopnt)i 209
36S olotnhl:eie rbatoifto hnle a nadn odf t hmee n( 549) 210
37S olaonnd atrhtei (sPualtnasr ch) 212
38S ol'o(sna llreegoferdmo) fw eigmhetass,u arneds
coin(srA iostt,lA endortion) 214
Conetnts
Vlll
39T hte yarnttsha,er istoacnrtdah leco yw celra sses
(HertoudAsor,i stotle) 217
40A commceiraadlev tnuer( c6o3 8()He rotduos) 219
41A buisnelsestf treotrmh B el ascek(a c 5o00 )
(niscroinp)t i 220
42T hew ealotfCh o ri(ntStarhb o) 223
43T hnea vpaolew ra nrde evnsuo efC oirnt(hT hudceysd)i2 24
44A risatonttdhl 'eeo riinogsfc' o inage 225
45G rowtohft hTeh eraceoalnoo nfCy ye rn(ec 5o07 )
(Heroudso)t 229
46A na rchaagirca rlwia farno Lmo c(rliasst iex th
centu(nriys?ct)ri iopn) 231
47E mporaic oonl,o ntyhP eho ofc aienaC antsa lonia,
ass eebnya g eograopfth heer otfiA mugeut sus
(Satbro) 233
48N aukr(aHetriostd uos) 235
49A commutna idsvueenri tnt hLei pIaasrnlid (sc5 o08 )
(Diodorus) 236
50T het wtoy poefss l avaessr eyeb nya p hliosoapnhde r
twhoi tsori(aPanotls,T hoepomupsT,i ameus) 239
5 Archcariict oefdr itisiatn incob etwferemenee n an d
I
sla(vAeirss toAtelsiecn,he Hse,r moifaA slx eadnir)a 241
52T he lainvpdio ntsgh umogulysoo r ft hneob les
(Pindar) 242
TheA rchSatiacat neds Sparta 245
4
53' tEhnaons'd'p olTihse' barAbeatroila(in4a 2n.s6 )
0
(Thyudcides) 245
54C ovnentbieotnw een OainaCdnh tahleeai on
(instciroinp) 246
55U rbacno natsbrte twAetehne annsSd p arta
(Thyudcides) 248
56T he Spraerjteacontfe i coonnc oa mciti(vXietnyo )p ho2n48
57T hep ublmiecs sienSs p ar(tPal utarch) 250
58T hHee lootfMs e ssae( nTiyrtaeus) 251
59S uppsrieoosnfH eltosi n Sp(a4r2(t4Ta)h yudcides)2 53
60P rotmiooannsdd e griaodnaistnS par(2t4a1 )
(Thucydides) 254
61S ubevrsiinoS npa rtthace:o nsapcoiyfrK inadon
(c3o9 7()Xe nop)h on 255
62E xtrfarctotsmh Geo trylna cwo d(ec4 o5 0()ic nrsiopnt)i2 59
63A Cretaarnic srta(ottA henaeus) 261
ClassAithceanls 263
5
64W haatc itiiznseo (ntA rtiotsle) 263
Contents
IX
65R uarlh aboiftt shA et hen(iaafntsed re ctihosefi on
Peritcoel veasce uA attti(cTahy)ud cides) 265
66A p easarneutpbls?i'( c DoinysoifHu asl icsaursn)a s266
67M ytihcaaslp eocftt hsse t aotfum se tiicnAs t hens
(AcehsylEuuisrpd,ie s) 267
68A catlotl h mee ti(cTshy udcides) 269
69B iogroafapw heya lthy( Pmse.t-iPcl urarch2)6 9
70T hem etliiecbr at(o4r04s001 -)(n icsrip)t ion 271
71H onougrrsa nbtyAe dt henSst rtakoti ono,gfS idon
(c3.6 ?7)( isncription) 273
72P ermiosngs iivemne rtcoh farnotKmsi ti(oyCnp rtuos )
fuonads ancttuoAa prhoyrd i(t3e3 (3i)ni spct)ri on 274
73F riaenzcdeo l umonfts h Eer echtchietisios,znl e:an ves
anmde taitcw so r(k4 08-(4ni0s7c)r iption) 276
74M etiacnssd l aavtAe tsh e(nPss .-Xenophon)2 28
75 Tshlea ovfet hsme e tKiecp hiso(ndisoicrprotsi on)2 83
76M aterlioasalsn efdsil gohfts laavfetste hroe c cupation
ofD ecel(esiueamr 4m 13()Th cuydeisd) 248
77T her evefnruoeom n sel a(4v1e5( n)Ad ocides) 268
78S hephoenrt dhbseo rd(eSrosp hocles) 268
79T he navpyr oifse (saTs hiuocne ysd)i d 288
TheG reeCki tiaensdE conomPirco blems 289
6
80T hec orn tfhrBeol ma Scek(a H erodotus) 289
81L eukonk,i nogft hBeo shporsus,u ppleiro fA theinns
cor(nD eomsthenes) 289
82T exotfa l afwor bidldoianongnss hpisc ommiosnseid
tot ranspoerletsw hceeot rrhnat noA the(nc3s.05 )
(Ps.-Demosthenes) 291
83T heP eiraainie nuevsn,t ioofAn t he(nIss ocrates2)9 2
84F otrh iem porotfce orr,nsa gaitnhsrete tdaeiall ers
(yLsias) 293
85A theannssd t ratmeagtiecr( iPasl.s- Xenophon2)9 5
86A therness thoermreo sn opoofKl eya rnu ded l
(ebfo3r05e)( isncri)p tion 295
87T hfie nanrceisaolu orfAc tehsei nns 1 (4 T3hucydi2d9e7s )
88I ndiidvuaanlcd o llecconttirvtieib outnots h Sep artan
waerff o(r4t2o 6r3 69-935) c(riiinpo)snt 299
89A thenmiaagni sternattreuwssit the dst puherev oinso if
econoamcivtcii (trAyi osttle) 300
90A nA thenpiolcaiyno fl argep-usbcwlaolireck s?
(Palructh) 301
91F isacnamdlo netsatrrya ta(gPesm.s- Aristot3l0e3)
92I ndeictrta xaetCs y zi(cisuxstc het nur(yi)ni stpci)ro n 307
Conetnts
x
93M aniaptuiloonnt sht ea oxfo ne-fifattPi eieretauhis
(939()A nodcides) 308
94T hem ienso fT hasionts h fief tche nt(uHerryo dotu3s90)
95T hseli evrm ienso fL aruiotnh:le e aosf3e 6s- 7366
(niscription) 310
96F oarn u nliitmdeedev lmoepnotfm inniga ctiitvy
(Xneophon) 316
97L irtguitehsoe:b glaitsio ofanw eatlhAyt hieann
(eXnophon) 320
98T heA tehnidaonm inatthiteeor ans,ua rnyd ptohoer :
ap ole(mAiircs taongehs) 321
99A tehnisaent tlaetBm reeniatnT hra(cc4eo4 5?)
(niscription) 323
100 The'e mep'oi fSr ineoa porun4d0 (0eX nophon) 325
110 Athieandne criempeo sionng ctiheto ifte hsee m pei r
thues oefA thieancno i,wn esigahntmdse a seusr
(niscrni)p tio 326
120 AnA tehnilaanow n s ielrcv oaign(e3 -73547)
(icnrsiption) 328
10D3e creeO lbfiraot mho ienmp otro ff orecioginn s
(c3o5? 0)(n iscription) 303
TheT imeo fC rises 343
7
140 Spaar'dtse claifntee rv ihcet(roX reyn ophon) 343
10T5h ec laensdtgionloedf t hSep taarn(cs3o 7 5(l)Pa to)3 35
160 Thle awt hoeefp hEopirt ad(ePuultsca hr) 363
170 Anciaennmdto dewrarnf a(reDemo sthenes) 373
180 Isocraanttdhe mese rcenaries 338
190 Afttehrfe a olfSl p arptoaewnra ntdh leo osfs
MesesniaaS ,p taarn epd reisnccriinhb iess t whaey
socdiiaslta unrcibents h Pee lopo(n63n6e)s e
(sIocrates) 304
11M0e asutrope rsoo mtceo ndci osnriadb ee leagcuietrye d
(eAneTaa sc ticus) 341
I IF esIt iovraw la:srt haegr uemntosfa nA thieann
spea(k39e4)r( Dmeosthenes) 314
I2I The richp oaoinrndP latthReoep 'usb (lci3oc7 5) 343
I3I Clamsenst iatliynf uotr-hecntuArtyh e(nDmseo sthe3n44e s)
I4I Equlayia tntdh oer iogfir vneo ultionsst o(tAlrei)3 46
IIT5h et heofrnuidac s iasnnt rumoefcn otn flbiecttw een
richp oaonrd in (A30t4)(h eDemnoss?t henes) 348
II 6T hew ealtthoyd (aeDym osthenes) 315
I II7n taelsr tnrugignSl iec(sif lryco o4m 6 6()Do idorus)3 25
IIA8l bciieasad ntdh seo cainapdlo ilcidatils tuersib na nc
Sic(iI4l5y() hT ucydides) 354
Conetnts
XI
II9T iomleroens eStitcl(iec3ls.83y -3 73)( Palructh) 355
12T0h ef ortoufDn eem osthfeante(hs.ce3 'r08 ) 358
I2lA writctoenantc frto arb ootmtrlyo a(nc3 .04 )
(Ps.m-osDtehenes) 359
12X2e nopho:fn oerigsna enrtdr adienr sct ihtey 326
12H3o roi 368
142 Finncaidaffiilcl utioefts hA et ehnigaenn eTriamtloh eus
(37337-2()P- sD.eomsthenes) 307
12F5r otmh peea sa-ncztiettnio t hbeo o(rA srtioapnhes,
Thehorpastus) 327
162 Ploa:at ganistth see rpaatoifoc niy t acnodut nryes id
(.c3 05) 375
172 Ploa:ot nmeu st receitvrea dofeuortresste ihideg n
ciyat nhda evt hfewe espto sbslriele atiwoihnt s
stran(.gc3 e05r)s 367
I28Ar istcoiytat lneid'st ts re riyt or 377
12T9h ei decailmt uys ste patrha'etc eom meraclai gora'
frotmh 'erf eaeg or(aAs'rt iotle) 379
103 Xenoph'oscn olioznatpiloa(nn4 00) 308
13P1l oa towna rbe twGerene eks 318
123 Tpheeo polfAe sisa E,ur opaen de eGcr(eAr istotle3)28
IndoefxA nciSeonutr ces 384
SupplemBeinbtlairoyg raphy 387
Index 391
LiosftM a ps
1T heG reeexpka nsairoonut nhBdel kaS ceaan idn A siMai no6r2
2 Greceokl ioznoant itihnWe e st 64
3 TheP hocafeuoannd atiinto hnWese st 67
4 Greecien4 31 133
Preafce
Thibso oka nEi nsg lviesirhnos o ft hbeo ookr iagliplnuybi slhed
inF renucnhd etrh tei tolfEe co noemsei ts coieetneC sr ece
anci(eaPnrniAesr ,ma nCdo liCnol,l eUc2 t,1i 79o2n;2 nedd ition,
197)T3.h eo pporyth uanbsie tetna ken tos ocemoe rrrreocrts ,
updabtbiel iograrpeehfriecnacaled sda, f ewp aasgsetso the
selecotfai nocni seuonrtc ienPs a tr (2n so4 1, 94916,2,0 , 1 13),
andi mporvet hmea terpiraels entians teivoernre aslp eBcutts .
othertwhirisesem i anssu tbasnltltiyhas ea emb ooakst he original
Frenvceshri .o n
Theb ooiks a miedi nt hefi rsptl ea acta nu ndergraduate
audniceet,h ouigth h oipse tdh aittw ilall sboe ionft etroae st
widenro,n -sperceiaadlepir issntht ierienst thehedi staonrdy
civiliozfAa ntciioGenrn ete Ictae t.t emtpomt ese atn eewde ll­
knowtnoa ltlh owsheo h avet ot eaGcrhe ehkio srtiyn u neirv­
sitSiteusnd.te lso,n dgi ssfiaetwdii stahp ureploiylt iacpapolra ch
toG reheiks taosrfkyo m,ro er' ceonocma ind aslho'ico isrtOyn.e
thehna tsoa nsw-earn tdh is ibasov oekr y maotdteesamttap nt
answ-etrh nate ithe'creo ntmohiecn 'ot rh 'eos cicaalt'e ghoardy
in thec iGttrhyese ema ke i ndepesntdaettnhutes ny o w oeyn.j
The btoaokkie tssst agr-tpioniintn htai msb giuit;iy atc cetphtes
challbeuntg e,r ejferocmtusil oatnth teoh qefu setion. Anyone
whoh abse eans kteoed x pnlo anice faoanrlldt he prloalyee d by
slavseosc lcii onan fliinct thGser eweok rldu nwdielrls wthaantd
wem ea.n
Theb ooikds i vdii dnte wop atrst,hfi er csto mprgi gsaei nneral
introdutcott hiseo bunej citn s everal tchhseae pctoeanr ds ,
selecotfia onnc iseoncutser ;I aslolcu ersar er eprodiunc ed
1.T hep laonf t heb ookw asa greeidnc ommon, MiAcuhsetlib ne inmgo rep articularly
responsfiobrtl hee fi rspta ratn dP ierVried al-Naqfuoertt h es econtdh;ea uthotrask e
joinrte sponsibfiolrti hteby o oka sa wholeT.h et ranslaotfit ohnea nciesnotu rcaerse
origienxacle pt tfhoorspe a ssagleiss tientd h eA cknowledgmaenndtt sh et ranslations of
Thucydidwehsi,ca hr eb yR .C rawley.
XII