Table Of ContentEnvironmental and Microbial Biotechnology
Naga Raju Maddela
Aransiola Sesan Abiodun
Ram Prasad Editors
Ecological
Interplays
in Microbial
Enzymology
Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology
SeriesEditor
RamPrasad,DepartmentofBotany,MahatmaGandhiCentralUniversity,Motihari,
Bihar,India
Innovative and novel advances in microbial biotechnology are providing great
understandings in to the machineries of nature, presenting fascinating prospects to
apply principles of biology to different arenas of science. Sustainable elucidations
are emerging to address the concerns on improving crop productivity through
microbes, depleting natural resources, environmental pollution, microbial degrada-
tion of pollutants, nanomaterials, nanotoxicity & safety issues, safety of food &
agriculturalproductsetc.Simultaneously,thereisanincreasingdemandfornatural
bio-products of therapeutic and industrial significance (in the areas of healthcare,
environmental remediation, microbial biotechnology). Growing awareness and an
increasedattentiononenvironmentalissuessuchasclimatechange,energyuse,and
lossofnon-renewableresourceshavecarriedoutasuperiorqualityforresearchthat
provides potential solutions to these problems. Emerging microbiome approaches
potentially can significantly increase agriculture productivity & human healthcare
andhenceforthcancontributetomeetseveralsustainabledevelopmentgoals.
The main objectives have provided an impetus for research on plants and
microorganismsthatproducenovelbio-productswithvariablepropertiesandunder-
standingtheirmechanismsofactionatcellularandmolecularlevel.Hence,research
activities of the environmental and microbial Biotechnology are comprehensively
focused up on major sectors viz., bioresources, biorefining, bioremediation of
organic and inorganic pollutants, environmental risk analysis of microorganisms,
environmental assessment using microbiological indicators, enzymes for environ-
ment, food & industrial applications, nanomaterials & nanotoxicity, sustainable
ecobiotechnology, biofertilizer, biocontrol agents for agriculture improvement and
naturalproductsforhealthcareapplications.
This book series is a state-of-the-art for a wide range of scientists, researchers,
students, policy makers and academician involve in understanding and
implementing the knowledge on environmental and microbial biotechnology to
develop biologics for proper health care to continue life in smooth and sustainable
strategywithoutanyadverseeffect.
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Naga Raju Maddela Aransiola Sesan Abiodun
Ram Prasad
Editors
Ecological Interplays
in Microbial Enzymology
Editors
NagaRajuMaddela AransiolaSesanAbiodun
FacultaddeCienciasdelaSalud BioresourcesDevelopmentCentre
UniversidadTécnicadeManabí NationalBiotechnologyDevelopmentAgency
Portoviejo,Ecuador Ogbomoso,Nigeria
RamPrasad
DepartmentofBotany
MahatmaGandhiUniversity
Bihar,India
ISSN2662-1681 ISSN2662-169X (electronic)
EnvironmentalandMicrobialBiotechnology
ISBN978-981-19-0154-6 ISBN978-981-19-0155-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0155-3
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore
PteLtd.2022
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Foreword
Microbial technology is an important aspect to make the environment sustainable.
ThepresenteditedvolumeentitledEcologicalInterplaysinMicrobialEnzymologyis
theonethathelpsintheachievementofenvironmentalsustainabilityasthisbookis
highlyinstructiveinthefieldofmicrobialenzymology.Themostextensivelystudied
and very interesting biocatalysts are “microbial enzymes” as they do offer
undisputableadvantagesoverchemicalcatalysts.Microbialenzymeshaveagreater
selectivityintheiraction,canbeusedinmildreactionconditionsandhavespecificity
forwidersubstrates.Forthesereasons,microbialenzymeshaveagreatimportancein
many fields, like chemical, fermentation, agricultural, pharmaceuticals and food
production.However,littleisknownabouttheecologicalrolesofmicrobialenzymes
indifferentenvironmentalmediasuchassoil,sediments,aquaticsystems(freshwater
andmarine)andotherextremeenvironments.Also,howmicrobialenzymeactivities
are regulated by environmental factors and what is the pollution burden on the
microbialenzymesindifferentenvironmentsarepoorlyunderstood.Suchknowledge
gapslimittheusageofmicrobialenzymesforenvironmentalsustainability.Thebook
Ecological Interplays in Microbial Enzymology is a good collection of series of
independentchapterswhichpresentindepthinsightsoverseveralissuesonmicrobial
enzymes and their role in the environment. This book focuses on distribution of
v
vi Foreword
microbialenzymesintheenvironment,roleofmicrobialenzymesinenvironmental
sustainabilityandimpactofenvironmentaldisturbancesonmicrobialenzymes.Iam
oftheopinionthattheabovefocusedareasdoprovidegreatinsightsovermicrobial
enzymes and do fill the knowledge gaps that limit the implications of microbial
enzymesforenvironmentalsustainability.
UniversidadTécnicadeManabí, VicenteVélizBriones
Portoviejo,Ecuador
12December2021
Preface
This book titled Ecological Interplays in Microbial Enzymology was structured in
providing updated scientific information in microbial enzymology. Products pro-
ducedbymicroorganismsareleadingproducersofusefulnaturalproducts.Natural
products from microbes and plants make excellent products and solve vital prob-
lems. Significant portions of the microbial genomes are devoted to production of
these useful metabolites including enzymes. Enzymes are natural catalysts, which
areuniversallyfoundinalllivingorganisms.Theymaybeusedeitherforbuilding
morecomplexmoleculesfromsimpleonesorforselectivebreakdownofamixture
of larger molecules. Hence, there are multipleecological interplays that have tobe
reviewed. Therefore, this book in its present form has been designed so that
researchers/scientistscanbewellawareabouttheinterplaysinmicrobialenzymol-
ogyintheenvironments.
Thisbooktakesintoconsiderationcurrentinteractionsofmicroorganismwiththe
environments. We are fully aware that the distinction of life on earth is vaguely
connectedtothegeneralqualityoftheenvironment.Theincreasingawarenessofthe
environment we live in is bringing about a more exhaustive search for alternative
cleaner technologies. Currently, there are two fundamental pollution-related prob-
lems: the disposal of the large quantities of wastes that are continually being
produced, and the removal of toxic compounds that have been accumulating at
dump sites in the soils and in water systems over the last few decades. Just one
microorganismcancontainover1000differentenzymes.Hence,thecriticalreview
ofapplicationsandecologicalinterplaysoftheseenzymesareofnecessity.
Considering the wide interplay of these microbial enzymes, the book echoes
relevantnewareasinthestudyandrecentdevelopmentsmadebyresearchersacross
theglobeontheinteractionsofmicrobialenzymesacrossallhabitats.Thisbookalso
hasbeenpremeditatedtoserveasasourceofinformationhubaboutmodernsciences
of microbial enzymology and their general environmental relationship to students
andresearchersofthisfield.Tounfoldtheimportanceofthisbooktitle,3partshave
been designed with 18 chapters: Part I: Microbial Enzymes—Distribution in the
Environment; Part II: Microbial Enzymes—Role in the Environmental
vii
viii Preface
Sustainability; and Part III: Impact of Environmental Disturbances on Microbial
Enzymes. Part I consists of 8 chapters. Chapter 1 provides a general overview on
microbialenzymes.Chapter2revealsthediversityofmicrobialenzymesinthesoil
ecosystem. Chapter 3 of this part describes microbial enzymes of wastewater and
sludge. Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 inform about the occurrence and distribution of
microbial enzymes of fresh water, an overview of marine microbial enzymes,
hydrolyticenzymesproducingbacteriafromAlgerianhotsprings:attractiveindus-
trial molecules, enzymology of microbial biofilms and changes in the attributes of
the oxisol “Arenito caiuá” after the use of the crop–livestock integration system,
respectively. Part IIconsistsof7chapters,microbialenzymes:role insoilfertility,
microbialenzymesintherecyclingofwastes,soilmicrobialenzymesandmitigation
of heavy metals uptake by plants, communities of microbial enzymes and biodeg-
radation of persistent environmental pollutants, implication of enzymes in the
adaptation of extremophilic microbes, applications of microbial enzymes in indus-
triesandmedicineandmicrobialenzymesinthebiosynthesisofmetalnanoparticles.
PartIIIconsistsof4chapters,whichfocusesontheeffectofagrochemicalsonsoil
microbialenzymes,effectsofaquatic(freshwaterandmarine)pollutiononmicrobial
enzyme activities, in silico analysis of biochemical pathways in bacterial enzyme
synthesis and the last chapter of this book, i.e. Chap. 19, microbial enzymes for
sustainable development—future guidelines. The chapters were contributed by
56 academicians/scientists from 10 different countries (Algeria, Brazil, Canada,
Ecuador,Ghana,India,Malaysia,Nigeria,PakistanandTurkey)acrosstheworld.
Portoviejo,Ecuador NagaRajuMaddela
Ogbomoso,Nigeria AransiolaSesanAbiodun
Motihari,Bihar,India RamPrasad
Acknowledgements
It is our great honour to acknowledge the support of the authors for their valuable
contributionandtimelyresponsesforthesuccessofthisproject.Allcontributorsare
immenselyappreciatedfortheireagernessandinordinatesupportforthisvolumeto
be ready in the scheduled time; we, therefore, appreciate their teamwork and
partnership.Wealsothanktheanonymousreviewersfortheirconstructivecriticism,
which had helped us in improving the quality of this book by inviting experts to
contribute the additional chapters. We greatly acknowledge the Springer Editorial
andProductionteamfortheirrespectedsupport;withouttheirguidelines,thisproject
wouldnotbefinishedinsuchaveryshorttime.Itisanhonesthonourandprivilege
to work with them all. Finally, yet importantly, we are very much thankful to the
colleagues at Universidad Técnica de Manabí (Ecuador), National Biotechnology
DevelopmentAgency(Nigeria)andMahatmaGandhiCentralUniversity(India)for
theirunrestrictedbackingandfortheestablishmentoftreasuredpropositionsatthe
timeofbookproposalandfinalbookpreparation.
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