Ecological and Genetic Implications of Aquaculture Activities (Reviews: Methods and Technologies in Fish Biology and Fisheries)

555 Pages·2007·7.29 MB·English

by  Theresa M. Bert

Ecological and GeneticImplications
of Aquaculture Activities
Reviews: Methods and Technologies in Fish Biology and Fisheries
VOLUME6
Serieseditor:
JenniferL.Nielsen
U.S.GeologicalSurvey,
BiologicalResourcesDivision,
Anchorage,Alaska
Ecological and Genetic
Implications of Aquaculture
Activities
Editedby
Theresa M. Bert
FloridaFishandWildlifeConservationCommission
FishandWildlifeResearchInstitute
Florida,U.S.A.
AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
ISBN978-1-4020-0884-9(HB)
ISBN978-1-4020-6148-6(e-book)
PublishedbySpringer,
P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands.
www.springer.com
CoverPhoto;
SalmonfarmingcagesintheReloncaviEstuaryinSouthernChile,photographbyFernandoJara.
Printedonacid-freepaper
AllRightsReserved
(cid:1)2007Springer
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted
inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording
orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword viii
1 EnvironmentallyResponsibleAquaculture—AWorkinProgress 1
TheresaM.Bert
SECTIONONE:OVERVIEWSOFECOLOGICALINTERACTIONS 33
2 AnEcosystemsApproachtoRiskAssessmentofAlienSpeciesand
GenotypesinAquaculture 35
DevinM.Bartley
3 IndicatorsfortheSustainabilityofAquaculture 53
RogerS.V.Pullin,RainerFroese,andDanielPauly
4 SustainableApproachesforAquacultureDevelopment:Looking
AheadThroughLessonsinthePast 73
Nai-HsienChaoandIChiuLiao
SECTIONTWO:POPULATIONGENETICCONSIDERATIONS 83
5 GeneticRisksofMarineHatcheryEnhancement:TheGood,theBad,
andtheUnknown 85
DennisHedgecockandKatharineCoykendall
6 PreventingGeneticPollutionandtheEstablishmentofFeralPopulations:
AMolecularSolution 103
PeterM.Grewe,JawaharG.Patil,DanielJ.McGoldrick,
PeterC.Rothlisberg,StevenWhyard,LynA.Hinds,
ChrisM.Hardy,SomaVignarajan,andRonE.Thresher
7 BehavioralandGeneticInteractionsBetweenEscapedFarmSalmon
andWildAtlanticSalmon 115
KjetilHindarandIanA.Fleming
v
vi Tableof Contents
8 GeneticManagementofHatchery-BasedStockEnhancement 123
TheresaM.Bert,CharlesR.Crawford,MichaelD.Tringali,
SeifuSeyoum,JamieL.Galvin,MaryanneHigham,
andClaritaLund
SECTIONTHREE:CASESTUDIES 175
9 EnvironmentalImpactsinAustralianAquaculture 177
DamianM.Ogburn
10 EffectsofHatcheryRearingonAsianSeabass,Latescalcarifer,
inSabah,Malaysia 191
SaleemMustafa,RidzwanA.Rahman,JulianRansangan,
andLorinaStephen
11 DisturbanceofKoreanLakeEcosystemsbyAquaculture
andTheirRehabilitation 199
TaeSeokAhnandDongsooKong
12 Mariculture-RelatedEnvironmentalConcernsinthePeople’s
RepublicofChina 219
Jian-HaiXiang
13 IndigenousSpeciesforAfricanAquacultureDevelopment 229
RandallE.Brummett
14 TheIntroductionofNonnativeFishesintoFreshwater
SystemsofPeru 247
Herna´nOrtega,HumbertoGuerra,andRinaRam´ırez
15 IntroductionofExoticSpeciesandTransplantationof
NativeSpeciesacrossRiverBasinsinVenezuela 279
He´ctorLo´pez-RojasandAnaBonilla-Rivero
16 ImpactsofNon-NativeFishSpeciesinMinasGerais,Brazil:
PresentSituationandProspects 291
CarlosBernardoM.Alves,Fa´bioVieira,Andre´ Lincoln
B.Magalha˜es,andMarceloF.G.Brito
17 SalmonidIntroductionsinPatagonia:AMixedBlessing 315
PabloHoracioVigliano,MarceloFabia´nAlonso,andM.Aquaculture
18 IntroducedAnadromousSalmonidsinPatagonia:Risks,
Uses,andaConservationParadox 333
MiguelA.PascualandJavierE.Ciancio
Tableof Contents vii
19 AddressingProblemsAssociatedwithAquacultureand
AquacultureEffluentsintheUSA:AHistoricalEssay 355
RobertR.Stickney
20 ProductivityofAlaska’sSalmonHatcheryOceanRanchingProgramand
ManagementofBiologicalRiskstoWildPacificSalmon 361
WilliamW.SmokerandWilliamR.Heard
21 EmpiricalResultsofSalmonSupplementation
intheNortheastPacific:APreliminaryAssessment 383
RobinS.Waples,MichaelJ.Ford,andDietrichSchmitt
SECTIONFOUR:POSITIVEAPPROACHESTOENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLEAQUACULTURE 405
22 MacrobenthosasBiologicalIndicatorstoAssesstheInfluence
ofAquacultureonJapaneseCoastalEnvironments 407
HisashiYokoyama,AkifumiNishimura,andMisaInoue
23 ASimpleExperimentinPolyculture:RedSeaBream
(Pagrusmajor)andUlvales(Ulvapertusa) 425
HachiroHirata,TatuyaYamauchi,MuneyukiMatsuda,
andShigehisaYamasaki
24 Microalgae,Macroalgae,andBivalvesasBiofiltersin
Land-BasedMaricultureinIsrael 433
MukiShpigelandAmirNeori
25 BeyondtheMonospecificApproachtoAnimalAquaculture—
TheLightofIntegratedMulti-TrophicAquaculture 447
ThierryChopin,CharlesYarish,andGlynSharp
26 UsingNaturalEcosystemServicestoDiminishSalmon-Farming
FootprintsinSouthernChile 459
DorisSotoandFernandoJara
CONCLUSION 477
27 EnvironmentallyResponsibleAquaculture:RealitiesandPossibilities 479
TheresaM.Bert
AuthorIndex 515
SpeciesIndex 539
FOREWORD
This book isbasedon asymposium entitled ‘‘Ecological and GeneticImplica-
tions of Aquaculture Activities,’’ which was held at the annual meeting of
the World Aquaculture Society (WAS), May 4–5, 2000, in Nice, France.
I organized the symposium while serving as Vice-chair and Chair of the U.S.
National Committee for the International Union for the Biological Sciences
(USNC=IUBS). The USNC=IUBS is a U.S. National Academies of Sciences
committee that represents U.S. interests in the biological sciences in the inter-
nationalworldofscientificorganizationsandisundertheauspicesoftheU.S.
National Research Council. The IUBS itself had an ongoing program, called
Reproductive Biology and Aquaculture (RBA), for the application of modern
technologies to animal reproduction in aquaculture. Prior to USNC=IUBS
involvement in the RBA program, the program focused on the applications
of modern techniques developed in the disciplines of cell biology, molecular
biology, and genetics to address issues and needs pertaining to aquaculture.
The USNC=IUBS involvement in the RBA program launched the program’s
second stage. The program expanded toward understanding the genetic, eco-
logical,andenvironmentaleffectsofthesetechnologiesandthedevelopmentof
solutionstothosenegativeeffects.Thescopeofthesecondstagemetanimpor-
tant global need. It focused awareness on the development and dissemination
of aquaculture approaches and methods that could increase the efficiency and
quantityoffoodproductionwhileminimizingecologicalandgeneticdamageto
both wild populations and aquacultured animals associated with this food
production.
At the time that the symposium was being planned, aquaculture industry
leaders and scientists were becoming acutely aware of the increasing global
attentiontoecologicalandgeneticeffectsofaquacultureactivities.Thus,WAS
scientific and industry leaders welcomed the opportunity to host a major
symposiumthataddressedthoseissuesatanannualWASmeeting.Theobjec-
tives of the symposium were twofold: (1) bring together leaders of the science
of aquaculture to identify specific national and global ecological and genetic
effects that the various types of aquaculture activities brought upon the envi-
ronment and its constituent ecosystems and (2) share and discuss the
viii
Foreword ix
effectivenessofactualandattemptedsolutionstothoseeffectsanddevelopnew
solutions.
Twenty-eight speakers from 18 different countries gave presentations at the
symposium. Toward the symposium objectives, some speakers described the
types and overall level of global effects from aquaculture activities and pre-
senteddirectionsofthinkingtoaddressthoseeffects.Manyspeakersdocumen-
ted the principal types of effects that occur in their countries and presented
specificactionplansoractualmodesofoperationtoreduceandmanagethose
effects.Otherspeakers presented assessmentsofongoingeffortstolimit aqua-
cultureeffectsandpointedoutspecificstrengthsandweaknessesoftheprojects
andprogramstheyevaluated.After theformal presentations, workshopswere
held to share additional information about ways to ameliorate or prevent
aquaculture effects on native organisms and environments. Scientists and
representatives of both the aquaculture industry and major funding agencies
for aquaculture, suchas the World Bank, attended these workshops.
IUBS leaders were keenly interested in a focus on South America for the
symposium. Thus, that continent is well represented in this book. In addition,
five trainees from South American countries also attended the symposium as
invited guests. These trainees were selected by the symposium speakers from
those countries. A special reception was held during the symposium so that
the trainees could converse with the speakers in an informal atmosphere. In
exchange for the financial support given to the trainees to attend the meeting,
each student wrote a report that described the benefits to the student of
attending thesymposium and the WAS meeting.
Twenty-five speakers from 19 different countries submitted manuscripts
basedontheirpresentationsforinclusioninthisbook.Onemanuscript(Alves
etal.,Chapter16)wassolicitedfromtheauthorsatalaterWASannualmeeting.
Manyoftheseauthorsaretheleaders,orareamongtheleaders,ofaquaculture
scienceintheirrespectivecountries.Othersarerenownedaquacultureandfish-
eriesscientistsworldwide.Together,thechapterswrittenbytheseauthorsform
a comprehensive compilation of the various ecological and genetic problems
faced by broad areas of the world in association with the development and
expansionofaquaculture-relatedactivitiesandenterprises.Theircontributions
allowtheidentificationofcommonproblemsamongnations;ofthescopeand
extent of the most pervasive problems;and of common solutions, aquaculture
methods,andwaysofthinkingaboutanddesigningaquacultureprogramsthat
enable the practice of productive aquaculture simultaneously with ecosystem
conservation.
The preparation of this book obviously took a long time. Many factors
contributed to the lengthy process of editing the manuscripts, compiling the
chapters, and writing my own chapters. Most chapter authors submitted their
chapters a number of years ago. A few chose to update their chapters as new
workwasaccomplishedandadditionalrelevantliteraturewaspublished.Thus,
some chapters may appear to be lacking references to the most up-to-date
x Foreword
publishedliteraturewhereasotherscontainmorerecentreferences.Imusttake
theblameforthisproblemandoffermymostsincereapologiestotheauthors.I
also deeply thank all of the chapter authors for their long-enduring patience
whilethisbookwasinpreparation.Allauthorsexceptonechosetokeeptheir
chapters in this book rather than to withdraw them and publish them sooner
elsewhere. On the positive side, some chapters have already been cited in the
literatureseveraltimesandothershavealreadybeenusedasteachingtoolsfor
college aquaculture classes. This is a testimony to the utility and relevance of
the various authors’ contributions to this book. I dedicate this book to the
authors of the chapters within it. I will be indebted to them always for their
support.
Funding for the symposium and publication of this book came from many
sources. The USNC=IUBS, the IUBS, the Japanese National Committee for
the IUBS=RBA program, the U.S. Department of Interior, and the WAS
sponsored the symposium. The IUBS and the Japanese IUBS=RBA National
CommitteealsofundedtravelandreceptionexpensesforthefiveSouthAmeri-
can trainees who attended the symposium. All of the funding sources listed
previously and theState ofFlorida contributed funds toward publication.
I thank Barry Chernoff for introducing me into the realm of international
research organizations and activities, Kenjiro Ozato for helping me to solidify
the new direction that the IUBS=RBA program took through USNC=IUBS
involvement,andDevinBartleyforsupport,advice,andconsultationthrough-
outthedevelopmentofthisbook.Iammostgratefulforthehighlycompetent
assistanceofmanypeoplewhohelpedmewiththeorganizationandexecution
ofthesymposiumandwiththepreparationofthebook.RachelSackettserved
as budget manager, communications focal person, and executive assistant to
meduringtheprocessoforganizingthesymposiumandarrangingtravelforthe
symposiumparticipants.StaffmembersoftheFloridaInstituteofOceanogra-
phyalsofacilitatedgettingsymposiumparticipantsfromtheirvariouslocations
in the world to the WAS meeting and reimbursing those individuals. Leroy
Creswell and Rosa Flos, who were co-chairs of the committee to organize the
WAS annual meeting, helped with many details of obtaining funding, and
organizing and executing the symposium. Jennifer Nielsen, editor-in-chief of
the Reviews: Methods and Technologies in Fish Biology and Fisheries book
series, invited me to publish this book as a contribution to that series. The
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission’s Fish and Wildlife Re-
search Institute (FWRI) library staff provided incredible assistance for years.
Jan Boyett, head librarian, queried library computer search engines and con-
tactedotherlibrariansthroughouttheworldtoensurethatthereferenceslisted
in each chapter were as correct and complete as possible. She, Lawanda
McCarter,andJudithBurhmancopieddozensofarticlesandarrangedinterli-
brary loans for tens of books that I needed to verify the accuracy of other
authors’textsandreferencesortowritemyownchapters.GilMcRae,Director
of the FWRI, generously found funding for the color figures. Lastly, but very