Table Of ContentAn increasing number of citizens, particularly in the building sector, are concerned a E
n c
with environment protection. This book aims at providing information about d o
methods and techniques allowing to progress from good intentions, expressed e.g. in N -d
labels like HQE, towards real environmental performance. The first chapter presents e e
i s
the problems we are facing, in order to define relevant environmental quality g i
g
h
criteria. The methods proposed to evaluate these criteria allow establishing a link b n
between decisions and environmental impacts. They provide guidance to eco-design ou fo
r
of buildings, from the very early phases of a project (e.g. choice of a building site, r
h B
architectural sketch) until detailed design, construction and property management. o u
A chapter is dedicated to green technologies in the field of energy and water saving, o i
d l
d
renewable energies, waste management, low impact materials, including comfort s
i
n
and health issues. Finally examples and demonstration projects are presented. The
g
book is addressed to clients, architects, consultants, contractors, property managers s
and any person interested in the environmental quality of our built environment.
Bruno Peuportier holds an engineering diploma from the Ecole Centrale de Paris
and a PhD from Université Paris VI. He is presently senior scientist at the Centre for Eco-design for Buildings
Energy efficiency of systems of MINES Paristech. He has developed software tools
for green design: COMFIE (thermal simulation) and EQUER (life cycle assessment).
He has carried out several demonstration projects regarding the construction or and Neighbourhoods
renovation of social housing, office buildings and schools, and has coordinated a
number of European projects in these fields.
Peuportier Bruno Peuportier
an informa business
Eco-design for Buildings
and Neighbourhoods
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Eco-design for Buildings
and Neighbourhoods
Bruno Peuportier
Centre for Energy Efficiency of Systems of MINES Paristech
Photographsoncover:
PlusEnergyhousesinFreiburg(Germany)
PlusenergyschoolinLimeil-Brevannes(France)
Photovoltaicsystemintegratedinanexistingbuilding,Freiburg(Germany)
OriginallypublishedinFrench
‘Éco-conceptiondesbâtimentsetdesquartiers’byBrunoPeuportier
©2008PressesdeMines,Paris
CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2016Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,UK
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationortheinformationcontained
hereinmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany
formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,byphotocopying,recordingor
otherwise,withoutwrittenpriorpermissionfromthepublisher.
Althoughallcareistakentoensureintegrityandthequalityofthispublication
andtheinformationherein,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublishersnor
theauthorforanydamagetothepropertyorpersonsasaresultofoperation
oruseofthispublicationand/ortheinformationcontainedherein.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Appliedfor
ISBN:978-1-138-02795-4(Hbk)
ISBN:978-1-315-68695-0(eBook)
Table of contents
Foreword ix
Abouttheauthor xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction 1
1 Theenvironmentalqualityofbuildings 1
1 Environmental impacts 3
1.1 Globalscale 3
1.1.1 Thegreenhouseeffect 4
1.1.2 Destructionoftheozonelayer 11
1.1.3 Depletionofresources 12
1.1.4 Impactsonbiodiversity 16
1.1.5 Proliferationofnuclearpower 18
1.2 Regionalscale 18
1.2.1 Effectslinkedtoairpollution 18
1.2.1.1 Acidification 18
1.2.1.2 Smogandoutsideairpollution 21
1.2.2 Waterabstractionandpollution 26
1.2.2.1 Watermanagement 26
1.2.2.2 Dystrophication 27
1.2.2.3 Otherimpactsonaquaticenvironments 29
1.2.3 Wasteandsoilpollution 33
1.2.4 Radioactivity 43
1.2.5 Risks 45
1.3 Localscale 47
1.3.1 Noise 47
1.3.2 Degradationofecosystemsandlandscapes 49
1.3.3 Landuse 50
1.3.4 Microclimateperturbations 50
1.3.5 Odours 50
1.4 Inthebuildingitself 51
1.4.1 Airqualityandhealth 51
1.4.2 Waterqualityandhealth 57
1.4.3 Electromagneticfields 60
1.4.4 Sourcesofdiscomfort 60
1.4.5 Risks 62
1.5 Summaryofimpacts 62
vi Table of contents
2 Environmental indicators 65
2.1 Potential,ormid-pointindicators 65
2.1.1 Greenhouseeffect 66
2.1.2 Destructionofthestratosphericozonelayer 67
2.1.3 Acidification 67
2.1.4 Eutrophication 70
2.1.5 WinterSMOG 70
2.1.6 SummerSMOG(photochemicalozoneformation) 71
2.2 Criticalvolumeindicators 71
2.2.1 Ecotoxicity 74
2.2.2 Odours 74
2.2.3 Humantoxicity 75
2.2.4 IndicatorsoftheAFNORstandardNFP01-010 78
2.3 Damage-orientedindicators 79
2.3.1 Impactsonhealth(yearsoflifelost) 79
2.3.2 Impactsonecosystems 88
2.4 Otherindicators 91
2.4.1 Knownabioticresources 91
2.4.2 Primaryenergy 94
2.4.3 Waterconsumption 96
2.4.4 Finalwaste 96
2.4.5 Heavymetals 97
2.4.6 Carcinogenicsubstances 97
2.4.7 Radioactivewaste 98
2.4.8 Otherindicators 98
2.5 Urbanenvironmentalindicators 98
2.5.1 Emissionsourceindicators(pressures) 99
2.5.1.1 Energyflows 99
2.5.1.2 Transportation 99
2.5.1.3 Thewatercycle 100
2.5.1.4 Wastemanagement 100
2.5.2 Stateindicators 101
2.5.2.1 Airquality 101
2.5.2.2 Contributiontothegreenhouseeffect 101
2.5.2.3 Noise 101
2.5.2.4 Landuseandgreenspace 101
2.5.2.5 Soilcontaminationfromheavymetals 103
2.5.2.6 Waterquality 103
2.6 Environmentalindicatorsandsustainabledevelopment 105
2.7 Conclusionsofchapter2 106
3 Methodologies and professional tools 109
3.1 Lifecycleassessment 111
3.1.1 Methodologyused 112
3.1.2 Modelingbuildings:Anobject-basedapproach 113
3.1.3 Datacollection 115
3.1.4 Softwaredevelopment 117
3.1.5 Limitationsofthemethodology 119
Table of contents vii
3.1.6 Exampleofexperimentalapplication
attheÉcoLogisexhibition 119
3.1.7 Firstsensitivityanalyses:Relativecontributions
ofdifferentsourcesofimpact 121
3.1.8 Normalizationofanecoprofile 125
3.1.9 Otherlifecycleassessmenttoolsforbuildings 127
3.1.10 Conclusions 129
3.2 Thermalsimulation 130
3.2.1 Modelingprinciples 130
3.2.2 Mainhypothesesandlimitsofthemodel 131
3.2.3 Resolutionalgorithm 132
3.2.4 Computerdevelopment 134
3.2.5 Validatingcalculations 135
3.2.6 Severalapplicationsofthesoftware 138
3.2.7 Userinterface 139
3.3 Lightingcalculations 142
3.3.1 Light 143
3.3.2 Externalilluminance 147
3.3.3 Modelingdaylightingusingthelumenmethod 150
3.3.4 Artificiallighting 153
3.4 Acousticcalculations 164
3.4.1 Simplifiedtools 164
3.4.2 Detailedtools 164
3.5 Evaluationofhealthimpacts 165
3.6 Worksitewastemanagement 166
3.7 Generaltools 167
3.8 Usingtools 168
3.8.1 Programming 168
3.8.1.1 Retrofittingor(re)construction 168
3.8.1.2 Choiceofsite 168
3.8.1.3 Drawingupthearchitecturalprogramme 169
3.8.2 Projectmanagement,architecturaldesignandengineering 170
3.8.3 Managingaworksite 172
3.8.4 Managinghousingstock 174
3.9 Conclusionsandperspectivesfortools 177
3.9.1 Inter-modellinking 177
3.9.2 Adaptatingmodelstoprojectprogress 178
3.9.3 Fromevaluationtodesign 178
3.9.4 Designingneighbourhoods 179
4 Building ‘‘eco-techniques’’ 181
4.1 Energyefficiencyandrenewableenergy 184
4.1.1 Heating 185
4.1.2 Airconditioning 194
4.1.3 Airrenewal 197
4.1.4 Lightingandelectricityconsumption 198
4.1.5 Domestichotwater 205
4.2 Watermanagementandquality 206
viii Table of contents
4.3 Wastetreatment 210
4.4 Buildingproducts 210
4.5 Comfortandhealth 216
4.5.1 Acousticcomfort 216
4.5.2 Visualcomfort 216
4.5.3 Thermalcomfort 216
4.5.4 Airqualityandolfactorycomfort 217
4.5.5 Otherhealthaspects 218
4.6 Conclusionsofchapter4 219
5 Applications and constructions 223
5.1 Detachedhouses 223
5.1.1 Aurorehousingestate(Ardennes) 223
5.1.1.1 Systemoperations 225
5.1.1.2 Assistanceprovidedontheproject’sdesign 226
5.1.1.3 Descriptionoftheexperimentalinstallation 228
5.1.1.4 Monitoringresults 228
5.1.1.5 Conclusionsoftheexperimentalmonitoring 233
5.1.1.6 Lifecycleassessment 234
5.1.2 ExperimentalconstructionofCastanetTolosan
(Haute-Garonne) 235
5.1.3 Winnerofthecompetitionsolarhabitat,
contemporaryhabitat(Rhone) 236
5.1.4 PassivehousesinFormerie(Oise) 240
5.2 Apartment,tertiarybuildingsandretrofit 245
5.2.1 TertiarybuildinginMèze(Herault) 245
5.2.2 Retrofit of a social housing apartment block in Montreuil
(Parissuburbs) 247
5.3 Eco-neighbourhoods 252
5.3.1 Écoloniaproject(Netherlands) 252
5.3.1.1 Descriptionoftheprogramme 253
5.3.1.2 Energy-savingdesign 254
5.3.1.3 Managingoverthelifecycle 255
5.3.2 VaubanneighbourhoodinFreiburg(Germany) 256
5.3.3 Lyonconfluenceneighbourhood 259
5.4 Managementaspects 264
5.4.1 Managingbuildingoperations 264
5.4.2 Co-housingapproach 268
5.5 Performanceprospects 270
5.5.1 The“passivehouse’’standard 270
5.5.2 Energy-producingbuildings 271
5.5.3 Passiveretrofit 274
5.5.4 Towardsacycliceconomy 274
5.6 Conclusionsofchapter5 275
Conclusions 277
Bibliography 279
Index 285
Foreword
Forovertwentyyears,designers,architectsandengineershavebeentryingtoconvince
theirpartners,contractorsandlocalauthoritiestourgentlyrethinkpractices,methods
andpropositionstominimizetheimpactthatbuildingshaveontheenvironment.
Thatissueisnowcrucial.
The challenge is clearly technical, but also, and above all, social, financial and
cultural.
Itbringsintoquestionourbehaviour, lifestyleandthewaywerelatetoeachother.
Thechallengeisparticularlylinkedtousage,andthereforeto“Others’’,thosethatwe
sooftenforget:thepeoplewhowillbelivinginthebuilding,thosewhowillmaintain
it, visitit, eventhosewhowillneversetfootinit, butwhoselivingenvironmentwill
bechangedbythenewconstruction,fromnearorfar.
New technical expertise allows us to build while taking care of the environment,
bringingwithitasimplereminderoftheneedforcommonsense,long-termplanning,
usageandcomfort,aswellasasourceforinnovationandhightechnology.
Thisnewknowledgeraisesnewissuesincontemporaryarchitecture.Letushopeit
willencourageustochangethewaywethinkaboutarchitectureandexpressitinour
townsandelsewhere.
Françoise-HélèneJourda
