Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: From Fetus to Adult

929 Pages·2016·80.93 MB·English

by  Wyman W. Lai

Echocardiography in
Pediatric and Congenital
Heart Disease
Dedications
Tomyparents,CheTooandSoFaLai;mywonderfulwife,Lydia;andmychildren,JustinandAmanda.
WymanW.Lai
TomywifeBenedikte,mydaughterVirginieandmysonFrancis.ForallthetimeIcouldnotspendwiththem.
LucL.Mertens
TomyhusbandBruceRandazzoandmychildrenJake,IsabelandEthanforsupportingmealways.
MerylS.Cohen
TomywifeJudithandsonsOmriandAlonwithLove.
TalGeva
Echocardiography in
Pediatric and Congenital
Heart Disease
From Fetus to Adult
Second Edition
Editedby
Wyman W. Lai MD,MPH
ProfessorofPediatricsatCUMC
ColumbiaUniversityMedicalCenter;
Director,NoninvasiveCardiacImaging
MorganStanleyChildren’sHospitalofNewYork-Presbyterian
NewYork,NY,USA
Luc L. Mertens MD,PhD
SectionHead,Echocardiography
TheHospitalforSickChildren;
ProfessorofPediatrics
UniversityofToronto
Toronto,ON,Canada
Meryl S. Cohen MD
ProfessorofPediatrics
PerelmanSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofPennsylvania;
MedicalDirector,Echocardiography
ProgramDirector,CardiologyFellowship
TheCardiacCenter
TheChildren’sHospitalofPhiladelphia
Philadelphia,PA,USA
Tal Geva MD
ProfessorofPediatrics
HarvardMedicalSchool;
Chief,DivisionofNoninvasiveCardiacImaging
DepartmentofCardiology
BostonChildren’sHospital
Boston,MA,USA
Thiseditionfirstpublished2016©2016byJohnWiley&SonsLtd.
Firsteditionpublished2009©2009byJohnWiley&SonsLtd.
Registeredoffice: JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,
PO198SQ,UK
Editorialoffices: 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK
TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,USA
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyforpermissiontoreusethe
copyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell
TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,Designs
andPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyany
means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatents
Act1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesandproductnames
usedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnot
associatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedin
renderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessional
shouldbesought.
Thecontentsofthisworkareintendedtofurthergeneralscientificresearch,understanding,anddiscussiononlyandarenotintended
andshouldnotberelieduponasrecommendingorpromotingaspecificmethod,diagnosis,ortreatmentbyhealthscience
practitionersforanyparticularpatient.Thepublisherandtheauthormakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttothe
accuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationany
impliedwarrantiesoffitnessforaparticularpurpose.Inviewofongoingresearch,equipmentmodifications,changesingovernmental
regulations,andtheconstantflowofinformationrelatingtotheuseofmedicines,equipment,anddevices,thereaderisurgedto
reviewandevaluatetheinformationprovidedinthepackageinsertorinstructionsforeachmedicine,equipment,ordevicefor,
amongotherthings,anychangesintheinstructionsorindicationofusageandforaddedwarningsandprecautions.Readersshould
consultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.ThefactthatanorganizationorWebsiteisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/ora
potentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthattheauthororthepublisherendorsestheinformationtheorganizationor
Websitemayprovideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Further,readersshouldbeawarethatInternetWebsiteslistedinthiswork
mayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextended
byanypromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliableforanydamagesarisingherefrom.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Echocardiographyinpediatricandcongenitalheartdisease:fromfetustoadult/editedbyWymanW.Lai,LucL.Mertens,
MerylS.Cohen,TalGeva.–Secondedition.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-67464-2(cloth)
I.Lai,WymanW.,editor. II.Mertens,Luc,editor. III.Cohen,Meryl,editor. IV.Geva,Tal,editor.
[DNLM:1.HeartDefects,Congenital–ultrasonography. 2.Echocardiography–methods. 3.HeartDefects,
Congenital–diagnosis. WG141.5.E2]
RJ423.5.U46
618.92′1207543–dc23
2015033801
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronic
books.
Coverimages:Reproducedfromimageswithinthebook.
Setin9.5/12ptMinionProbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
1 2016
Contents
Contributors,vii 14 MitralValveandLeftAtrialAnomalies,243
JamesC.NielsenandLaurieE.Panesar
Preface,xi
15 CommonAtrioventricularCanalDefects,259
AbouttheCompanionWebsite,xii
MerylS.Cohen
PartI IntroductiontoCardiacUltrasoundImaging
PartIV AnomaliesoftheVentriculo-arterialJunction
1 UltrasoundPhysics,3 andGreatArteries
JanD’hoogeandLucL.Mertens
16 AnomaliesoftheRightVentricularOutflowTractand
2 Instrumentation,PatientPreparation,andPatientSafety,19 PulmonaryValve,281
StaceyDrantandVivekanandAllada MatthewS.LemlerandClaudioRamaciotti
3 SegmentalApproachtoCongenitalHeartDisease,31 17 PulmonaryAtresiawithIntactVentricularSeptum,297
TalGeva JamiC.Levine
4 TheNormalPediatricEchocardiogram,44 18 AbnormalitiesoftheDuctusArteriosusandPulmonary
WymanW.LaiandH.HelenKo
Arteries,317
BhawnaAryaandCraigA.Sable
PartII QuantitativeMethods
19 AnomaliesoftheLeftVentricularOutflowTract
5 StructuralMeasurementsandAdjustmentsforGrowth,63
andAorticValve,336
ThierrySluysmansandStevenD.Colan
JohnM.SimpsonandOwenI.Miller
6 HemodynamicMeasurements,73
20 HypoplasticLeftHeartSyndrome,357
MarkK.Friedberg
DavidJ.GoldbergandJackRychik
7 SystolicVentricularFunction,96
21 AorticArchAnomalies:CoarctationoftheAorta
LucMertensandMarkK.Friedberg
andInterruptedAorticArch,382
8 DiastolicVentricularFunctionAssessment,132 JanMarek,MatthewFenton,andSachin
PeterC.Frommelt Khambadkone
22 TetralogyofFallot,407
PartIII AnomaliesoftheSystemicandPulmonary
ShubhikaSrivastava,WymanW.Lai,andIraA.
Veins,Septa,andAtrioventricularJunction
Parness
9 PulmonaryVenousAnomalies,157
23 TruncusArteriosusandAortopulmonaryWindow,433
DavidW.Brown
TimothyC.Slesnick,RituSachdeva,JoeR.Kreeger,
10 SystemicVenousAnomalies,180 andWilliamL.Border
LeoLopezandSarahChambers
24 TranspositionoftheGreatArteries,446
11 AnomaliesoftheAtrialSeptum,197 LucMertens,ManfredVogt,JanMarek,andMerylS.
TalGeva Cohen
12 VentricularSeptalDefects,215 25 Double-OutletVentricle,466
ShobhaNatarajanandMerylS.Cohen LeoLopezandTalGeva
13 EbsteinAnomaly,TricuspidValveDysplasia,andRight 26 Physiologically“Corrected”TranspositionoftheGreat
AtrialAnomalies,231
Arteries,489
FrankCettaandBenjaminW.Eidem
ErwinOechslin
v
vi Contents
PartV MiscellaneousCardiovascularLesions PartVII AcquiredPediatricHeartDisease
27 HeartswithFunctionallyOneVentricle,511 38 KawasakiDisease,739
StephenP.Sanders ErikC.MichelfelderandAllisonDivanovic
28 EchocardiographicAssessmentofFunctionallySingle 39 RheumaticFeverandRheumaticHeartDisease,750
VentriclesaftertheFontanOperation,541 BoReme´nyi,AndrewSteer,andMichaelCheung
MarcGewilligandLucMertens
40 InfectiveEndocarditis,763
29 CardiacMalpositionsandHeterotaxySyndrome,558 ManfredOttoVogtandAndreasKu¨hn
IreneD.LytriviandWymanW.Lai
PartVIII SpecialTechniquesandTopics
30 CongenitalAnomaliesoftheCoronaryArteries,584
J.Rene´HerlongandPiersC.A.Barker 41 TransesophagealandIntraoperative
Echocardiography,777
31 VascularRingsandSlings,609
OwenI.Miller,AaronJ.Bell,andJohnM.Simpson
AndrewJ.Powell
42 3DEchocardiography,791
32 ConnectiveTissueDisorders,624
FolkertJanMeijboom,HeleenvanderZwaan,and
JulieDeBacker
JackieMcGhie
33 CardiacTumors,641
43 PregnancyandHeartDisease,815
MicheleA.Frommelt
AnneMarieValente
PartVI AnomaliesofVentricularMyocardium 44 FetalEchocardiography,834
DarrenP.HutchinsonandLisaK.Hornberger
34 DilatedCardiomyopathy,Myocarditis,and
HeartTransplantation,653 45 TheEchocardiographicAssessmentofPulmonary
ReneeMargossian ArterialHypertension,872
LindsayM.RyersonandJeffreyF.Smallhorn
35 HypertrophicCardiomyopathy,677
ColinJ.McMahonandJaviarGaname APPENDIX NormalEchocardiographicValuesfor
CardiovascularStructures,883
36 RestrictiveCardiomyopathyandPericardialDisease,694
CecileTissotandAdelK.Younoszai
Index,903
37 OtherAnomaliesoftheVentricularMyocardium,719
RebeccaS.BeroukhimandMaryEttaE.King
Contributors
Vivekanand Allada MD Sarah Chambers MD
ProfessorofPediatrics ThePediatricHeartCenterattheChildren’sHospitalatMontefiore
UniversityofPittsburghSchoolofMedicine NewYork,NY,USA
DirectorofClinicalServices,PediatricCardiology
Children’sHospitalofPittsburghofUPMC
Michael Cheung BSc, MB ChB, MRCP(UK), MD
HeartInstitute
Pittsburgh,PA,USA AssociateProfessor
HeadofCardiology
Bhawna Arya MD RoyalChildren’sHospital;
DepartmentofPaediatrics
AssistantProfessor
UniversityofMelbourne;
DepartmentofPediatrics
HeartResearchGroup
UniversityofWashingtonSchoolofMedicine
MurdochChildrensResearchInstitute
SeattleChildren’sHospital
Melbourne,VIC,Australia
Seattle,WA,USA
Piers C.A. Barker MD Meryl S. Cohen MD
AssociateProfessorofPediatricsandObstetrics/Gynecology ProfessorofPediatrics
DukeUniversityMedicalCenter PerelmanSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofPennsylvania;
Durham,NC,USA MedicalDirector,Echocardiography
ProgramDirector,CardiologyFellowship
Aaron J. Bell MD TheCardiacCenter
DepartmentofCongenitalHeartDisease TheChildren’sHospitalofPhiladelphia
EvelinaLondonChildren’sHospital; Philadelphia,PA,USA
Guy’s&StThomas’NHSFoundationTrust
LondonUK
Steven D. Colan MD
ProfessorofPediatrics
Rebecca S. Beroukhim MD
HarvardMedicalSchool;
Director,FetalEchocardiography
BostonChildren’sHospital
InstructorinPediatrics
Boston,MA,USA
MassachusettsGeneralHospital
Boston,MA,USA
Julie De Backer MD, PhD
William L. Border MBChB, MPH, FASE SeniorLecturer
DirectorofNoninvasiveCardiacImaging DepartmentofCardiologyandMedicalGenetics
MedicalDirector,CardiovascularImagingResearchCore(CIRC) UniversityHospitalGhent
Children’sHealthcareofAtlantaSibleyHeartCenter; Ghent,Belgium
AssociateProfessor
EmoryUniversitySchoolofMedicine
Jan D’hooge MD
Atlanta,GA,USA
Professor
DepartmentofCardiovascularSciences
David W. Brown MD
CatholicUniversityofLeuven;
AssistantProfessorofPediatrics
MedicalImagingResearchCenter
DepartmentofCardiology
UniversityHospitalGasthuisberg
BostonChildren’sHospital;
Leuven,Belgium
DepartmentofPediatrics
HarvardMedicalSchool
Boston,MA,USA Allison Divanovic MD
AssistantProfessorofPediatrics
Frank Cetta MD UniversityofCincinnatiCollegeofMedicine
ProfessorofMedicineandPediatrics TheHeartInstitute
MayoClinic CincinnatiChildren’sHospitalMedicalCenter
Rochester,MN,USA Cincinnati,OH,USA
vii
viii Contributors
Stacey Drant MD J. Rene´ Herlong MD
AssociateClinicalProfessor AssociateClinicalProfessorofPediatricCardiology
Director,PediatricEchocardiographyLaboratory SangerHeartandVascularInstitute
Children’sHospitalofPittsburgh LevineChildren’sHospital
Pittsburgh,PA,USA Charlotte,NC,USA
Benjamin W. Eidem MD, FACC, FASE
Lisa K. Hornberger MD
ProfessorofPediatricsandMedicine
ProfessorofPediatricsandObstetrics&Gynecology
MayoClinic
Director,FetalandNeonatalCardiologyProgram
Rochester,MN,USA
SectionHead,PediatricEchocardiography
StolleryChildren’sHospital
Matthew Fenton MB, BS, BSc
Edmonton,AB,Canada
ConsultantPaediatricCardiologist
CardiothoracicUnit
Darren P. Hutchinson MBBS, FRACP
GreatOrmondStreetHospitalforChildrenandInstituteof
CardiovascularSciences Fetal&PediatricCardiologist
London,UK DepartmentofPediatricCardiology
TheRoyalChildren’sHospital
Mark K. Friedberg MD Melbourne,VIC,Australia
AssociateProfessorofPediatrics
TheLabattFamilyHeartCenter Sachin Khambadkone MD
TheHospitalforSickChildren
PaediatricandAdolescentCardiology,InterventionalCardiologist
UniversityofToronto
GreatOrmondStreetHospitalforChildrenandInstituteofCardiovascular
Toronto,ON,Canada
Sciences
London,UK
Peter C. Frommelt MD
ProfessorofPediatrics
Mary Etta E. King MD
DirectorofEchocardiography
DivisionofPediatricCardiology AssociateProfessorofPediatrics
MedicalCollegeofWisconsin MassachusettsGeneralHospital
Children’sHospitalofWisconsin Boston,MA,USA
Milwaukee,WI,USA
H. Helen Ko BS, RDMS, RDCS
Michele A. Frommelt MD
MountSinaiMedicalCenter
AssociateProfessorofPediatrics NewYork,NY,USA
Children’sHospitalofWisconsin
Milwaukee,WI,USA
Joe R. Kreeger RCCS, RDCS
Javiar Ganame MD, PhD TechnicalDirector,Echocardiography
Children’sHealthcareofAtlantaSibleyHeartCenter
DepartmentofMedicine
Atlanta,GA,USA
DivisionofCardiology
McMasterUniversity
Hamilton,ON,Canada Andreas Ku¨hn MD
DepartmentofPediatricCardiologyandCongenitalHeartDisease
Tal Geva MD DeutschesHerzzentrumMu¨nchen
ProfessorofPediatrics TechnischeUniversita¨tMu¨nchen
HarvardMedicalSchool; Munich,Germany
Chief,DivisionofNoninvasiveCardiacImaging
DepartmentofCardiology
Wyman W. Lai MD, MPH
BostonChildren’sHospital
Boston,MA,USA ProfessorofPediatricsatCUMC
ColumbiaUniversityMedicalCenter;
Marc Gewillig MD, PhD, FESC, FACC, FSCAI Director,NoninvasiveCardiacImaging
MorganStanleyChildren’sHospitalofNewYork-Presbyterian
ProfessorPaediatric&CongenitalCardiology
NewYork,NY,USA
UniversityHospitalsLeuven
Leuven,Belgium
Matthew S. Lemler MD
David J. Goldberg MD ProfessorofPediatrics
AssistantProfessor DivisionofCardiology
DivisionofPediatricCardiology UniversityofTexasSouthwestern;
TheChildren’sHospitalofPhiladelphia; Director,EchocardiographyLaboratory
PerelmanSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofPennsylvania Children’sMedicalCenterofDallas
Philadelphia,PAUSA Dallas,TX,USA