Eating behaviour

241 Pages·2010·2.31 MB·English

by  Terence M Dovey

Eating behaviour

Eating behaviour
Terence M. Dovey
Open University Press
McGraw-Hill Education
McGraw-Hill House
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Maidenhead
Berkshire
England
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email: [email protected]
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First edition published 2010
Copyright © Terence M. Dovey 2010
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of
criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written
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Limited. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained
from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street,
London EC1N 8TS.
A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library

ISBN-13: 978-0-33-523583-4 (pb) 978-0-33-523584-1 (hb)
ISBN-10: 0335235832 (pb) 0335235840 (hb)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
CIP data applied for
Typeset by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk
Printed in the UK by Bell and Bain Ltd, Glasgow
Fictitious names of companies, products, people, characters and/or data that may
be used herein (in case studies or in examples) are not intended to represent any
real individual, company, product or event.
This book is dedicated to Chin Won Khoo

Contents
List of figures and tables xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Introduction: widely held assumptions and methods 1
Widely held assumptions about food and eating 2
Scientific methods of eating behaviour research 5
Qualitative approaches and case studies 6
Psychometrics 7
Visual analogue scales and Likert scales 9
Measuring food intake 11
Food diaries 11
Feeding participants 12
Measuring total food intake 14
Within-meal measurements 14
The scope of this book 16
2 The energy demands of the brain: central mechanisms
of eating 18
Introduction to appetite regulation 18
Historical development 19
The satiety cascad e 21
The central control of eating behaviour 22
Hypothalamic control of eating 22
Brainstem and cortical control of eating 28
Liking 30
Wanting 32
Sensory-specific satiety: how ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ stop us eating 34
Summary 36
3 Storage and digestion: peripheral mechanisms
of eating 37
Gastric phase 40
Intestinal phase: duodenum 40
Intestinal phase: jejunum 41
Intestinal phase: ileum 41
viii CONTENTS
The effect of macronutrients on peripheral hormones 42
Responding to protein (amino acids) 43
Responding to fat (lipids) 43
Tonic signals: adipose tissue 44
Summary 45
4 Learning about food: developmental aspects of
eating behaviour 46
Children and the development of eating behaviour 46
Cognitive development 47
0–2 years and the importance of exposure 48
Associative learning theory 49
Social learning theory, scaffolding and the influence of significant
others 53
2–6 years and the development of food neophobia 54
Category representations of food 56
6–12 years and ‘picky/fussy’ eaters 58
12–16 years and the development of food-related cognitions 59
Summary 61
5 Choosing between foods: cognitive aspects of
eating behaviour 63
Differentiating foods based on energy value 63
Memory and meals 65
The model of matching 65
Optimal foraging theory 68
Expectancy–value models 70
Food choice and ideology 72
Food choice and t he context of the eating episode 74
Portion size 76
Summary 78
6 The effect of others: social aspects of eating behaviour 79
Eating within a wider social context 79
Social approaches to food intake 80
Extending food choice into the social world: attitudes, norms and
control 81
Social situational factors: the effect of others when eating 87
Social facilitation 88
Modelling 89
Impression management and social judgement 90
Media influences 92
Body image 94
CONTENTS ix
Cultural/religious impacts on eating behaviour 97
Summary 98
7 Getting inside people’s heads: restraint, emotional
eating, disinhibition and their combined effects 99
Dietary restraint 100
Emotional eaters 104
Disinhibition 105
External eaters 106
Combined effects 108
Escape from self-awareness theory 108
Limited capacity theory 109
Summary 110
8 Dealing with obesity: dieting and drugs 112
Defining obesity 113
Causes of obesity 115
Consequences of obesity 119
Treatments for obesity 122
Pharmacological treatments for obesity 123
Surgical treatments for obesity 124
Nutritional treatments for obesity – dieting 126
Physical activity interventions for obesity 128
Psychological treatments for obesity 129
Preventing obesity 132
Summary 133
9 When eating behaviour goes wrong: anorexia nervosa,
bulimia nervosa and eating disorders not otherwise
specified 136
What constitutes an eating disorder? 136
How common are eating disorders? 137
The causes of eating disorders 141
Organic causes of eating disorders 142
Non-organic causes of eating disorders 145
Consequences of eating disorders 152
Are all eating disorders similar? 152
(Sub-)types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and
under-consumption 156
Restrictive type and binge purging type 156
Atypical anorexia nervosa 157
Anorexia athletica 157
Cachexia or cancer-related anorexia 158
x CONTENTS
Child-onset and adult-onset anorexia 158
Orthorexia nervosa 159
(Sub-)types of eating disorders: bulimia nervosa and
over-consumption 159
Purging type and non-purging type 159
Night-eating syndrome 159
Sleep-related eating disorder 160
Treating eating disorders 160
Interpersonal psychotherapy 160
Cognitive behavioural therapy 161
Family therapy 163
Pharmacotherapy 164
Full-time inpatient clinics 164
Summary 166
10 Tying up loose ends: towards a combined theory of
eating behaviour 167
What we have covered in this book 167
Towards a combined model of eating behaviour 170
Conclusions 172
Appendix 1: The neurochemistry of appetite regulation 174
Appendix 2: Hormonal control of appetite regulation 180
Further reading 185
References 188
Index 222