Table Of ContentEarthquakes and Acoustic Emission
BALKEMA – Proceedings and Monographs
in Engineering, Water and Earth Sciences
Earthquakes and
Acoustic Emission
Edited by
Alberto Carpinteri & Giuseppe Lacidogna
Department of Structural Engineering and Geotechnics, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
LONDON / LEIDEN / NEW YORK / PHILADELPHIA / SINGAPORE
Cover photographs: left; view of the Astesiano Tower, one of the medieval towers still
rising in Alba (an ancient town in Piemonte, Italy), right; a thermographic view of the
same tower.
Photos by courtesy of Professor Alberto Carpinteri and Dr. Giuseppe Lacidogna.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Earthquakes and acoustic emission / edited by Alberto Carpinteri &
Giuseppe Lacidogna.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-415-44402-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Fracture mechanics. 2. Concrete—Cracking. 3.
Buildings—Earthquake effects. 4. Acoustic emission testing. 5.
Seismic waves. I. Carpinteri, A. II. Lacidogna, Giuseppe.
TA409.E28 2007
620.1'126—dc22
2007019363
ISBN 0-203-93611-6 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN13: 978-0-415-44402-6 (Hbk)
ISBN13: (ebook): 978-0-203-93611-5
Contents
Preface IX
1 Seismic Mechanics and Earthquakes
1.1 Earthquake phenomenology and dynamics
THE SCALING OF GEOLOGICAL FAULTS 3
C.H. Scholz
EFFECTS OF NONLINEAR WEAKENING ON
EARTHQUAKE SOURCE SCALINGS 9
J.-P. Ampuero
SEISMIC ENERGY RADIATION FROM DYNAMIC
FAULTING 17
R. Madariaga
DAMAGE RHEOLOGY MODEL AND DECAY LAW OF
AFTERSHOCK ACTIVITY 23
V. Lyakhovsky & Y. Ben-Zion
SPECTRAL ELEMENT SIMULATION OF RUPTURE
DYNAMICS 33
J.-P. Vilotte & G. Festa
1.2 Mechanics of friction and faulting
NON-LINEAR SLIP-WEAKENING IN A ROTARY GOUGE
FRICTION EXPERIMENT 43
G. Chambon, J. Schmittbuhl & A. Corfdir
DOES ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY APPLY TO SEISMIC
FAULTS? 51
A. Ziv, A. Cochard & J. Schmittbuhl
CORRELATIONS OF STRESS DISTRIBUTIONS ALONG
THE FAULT: FROM LABORATORY FRACTURE
ROUGHNESS TO FAULT ASPERITY SQUEEZE 57
J. Schmittbuhl, G. Chambon, A. Hansen & M. Bouchon
VI Contents
DETACHMENT WAVES AND THE ONSET OF FRICTIONAL
SLIP 65
S.M. Rubinstein, G. Cohen & J. Fineberg
CRACK-LIKE AND PULSE-LIKE DYNAMIC FRICTIONAL
SLIDING 71
D. Coker, G. Lykotrafitis, A. Needleman & A.J. Rosakis
2 Structural Failure and Acoustic Emission
2.1 AE theoretical studies
IDENTIFICATION OF MICROCRACKING PROCESS IN
FRACTURE PROCESS ZONE BY AE 79
M. Ohtsu
CONSEQUENCES OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION ON CRACK
SPEED AND ROUGHNESS EXPONENT IN BRITTLE
DYNAMIC FRACTURE 89
A. Parisi & R.C. Ball
FAILURE TIME, CRITICAL BEHAVIOUR AND ACTIVATION
PROCESSES IN CRACK FORMATION 95
S. Ciliberto, S. Deschanel, A. Guarino, S. Santucci,
R. Scorretti & L. Vanel
RESPONSE OF FRACTURE NUCLEATION SITE TO WEAK
MECHANICAL PULSES 103
V.S. Kuksenko & E.E. Damaskinskaya
FRACTURE IN TWO DIMENSIONS (IN PAPER): ACOUSTIC
EMISSION STUDIES AND THEORETICAL LESSONS 109
L.I. Salminen, J. Rosti, J.M. Pulakka & M.J. Alava
2.2 AE testing on concrete and concrete structures
MICROMECHANICS OF CORROSION CRACKING IN
REINFORCED CONCRETE BY AE 119
F. Uddin A.K.M. & M. Ohtsu
DAMAGE MECHANICS OF CARBONATED CONCRETE BY
AE RATE-PROCESS ANALYSIS 129
T. Suzuki, G. Komeno & M. Ohtsu
Contents VII
BRAZILIAN TEST OF CONCRETE EVALUATED BY AE 139
H.W. Reinhardt, F. Finck, C. Grosse & J. Kurz
2.3 AE testing on steel, composites and other materials
EVOLUTION OF DAMAGE ACCUMULATION IN
LOW-CARBON STEEL IN TENSION CONDITION 149
M.R. Tyutin, L.R. Botvina, N.A. Zharkova,
T.B. Petersen & J.A. Hudson
FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF SANDWICH COMPOSITES 155
B. Shafiq, A. Quispitupa & F. Just
ON-PROCESS MONITORING OF CERAMICS AND
CERAMIC COATINGS BY LASER AE 163
M. Enoki & S. Nishinoiri
FRACTURING, ACOUSTIC EMISSION, AND NUMERICAL
SIMULATION OF GRANITE UNDER MODE II LOADING 171
O. Stephansson, S. Stanchits, T. Backers, G. Dresen & B. Shen
2.4 AE structural monitoring and damage assessment
DAMAGE QUANTIFICATION FOR CONCRETE
STRUCTURES BY IMPROVED b-VALUE ANALYSIS OF AE 181
T. Shiotani, X. Luo, H. Haya & M. Ohtsu
STRUCTURAL MONITORING AND LIFE-TIME
ASSESSMENT OF MEDIEVAL TOWERS 191
A. Carpinteri & G. Lacidogna
Author index 201
Preface
An earthquake is a sudden movement of the ground caused by the release of elas-
tic energy stored in the Earth’s Crust. It causes vibrations that propagate outwards
from the source as seismic waves. A similar phenomenon occurs – on a different
scale – in structural materials under load and is called Acoustic Emission (AE).
While the techniques used in seismology have been well developed over the
years, the AE technique has not been fully defined. It can be shown, on the other
hand, that the AE method can use many seismic analysis techniques, including the
localization of the sources or the inversion of source parameters.
The contributions proposed in this book, selected among those presented in
Special Sessions at the 11th International Conference on Fracture, Torino
(Italy), March 20-25, 2005, aim at providing an outline of the theory and the
latest relevant developments on topics related to Earthquakes and Acoustic
Emission.
During the last few years, numerous experimental techniques have been
employed to evaluate fracture processes, and a number of modelling approaches
have been developed to predict fracture behaviour. The non-destructive method
based on the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique has proved highly effective, espe-
cially to check and measure the damage phenomena that take place inside a struc-
ture subjected to mechanical loading.
The acoustic emission is a consequence of micro-cracks forming and propagat-
ing in the material and should thus provide an indirect measure of the damage
accumulating in the system. For this reason, AE is often used as a non-destructive
tool in material testing and evaluation. Beside these practical applications, under-
standing the statistical properties of AE has become a challenging theoretical
problem. The distribution of AE amplitudes follows a power law, suggesting an
interpretation in terms of critical phenomena and scaling theories. This behaviour
has been observed in several materials such as concrete, masonry and rocks, to
name just a few.
On the other hand, another common and familiar example of this behaviour
is the occurrence of earthquakes in a particular seismic zone, where the event
amplitudes span from the smallest almost imperceptible vibration of the crust to
the largest destructive catastrophic events. The AE monitoring technique is simi-
lar to the one employed in earthquake control, where seismic waves reach the
monitoring stations placed on the surface of the Earth. Though they take place
on very different scales, these two families of phenomena – damage in structural
