Earthen Dwellings and Structures: Current Status in their Adoption

468 Pages·2019·22.78 MB·English

by  B. V. Venkatarama Reddy

Springer Transactions in Civil
and Environmental Engineering
B. V. Venkatarama Reddy
Monto Mani
Pete Walker Editors
Earthen
Dwellings and
Structures
Current Status in their Adoption
Springer Transactions in Civil
and Environmental Engineering
Editor-in-Chief
T. G. Sitharam, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13593
B. V. Venkatarama Reddy
(cid:129)
Monto Mani Pete Walker
(cid:129)
Editors
Earthen Dwellings
and Structures
Current Status in their Adoption
123
Editors
B. V.Venkatarama Reddy Monto Mani
Department ofCivil Engineering Centrefor Sustainable Technologies
Indian Institute of Science Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore, Karnataka, India Bangalore, Karnataka, India
PeteWalker
Department ofArchitecture andCivil
Engineering
University of Bath
Bath, UK
ISSN 2363-7633 ISSN 2363-7641 (electronic)
SpringerTransactions in CivilandEnvironmental Engineering
ISBN978-981-13-5882-1 ISBN978-981-13-5883-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5883-8
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Technical Review Committee
Prof. Andrew Heath, University of Bath, UK
Dr. Antonin Fabbri, ENTPE, University of Lyon, France
Prof. Charles Augarde, Durham University, UK
Prof. Chintha Jayasinghe, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Dr. Chris Beckett, University of Edinburgh, UK
Dr. Daniel Maskell, University of Bath, UK
Prof. Fabio Matta, University of South Carolina, USA
Prof. Guillaume Habert, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Prof. Jean-Claude Morel, Coventry University, UK
Prof. Monto Mani, Indian Institute of Science, India
Dr. K. S. Nanjunda Rao, Indian Institute of Science, India
Prof. Paulina Faria, NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal
Prof. Pete Walker, University of Bath, UK
Dr. Quoc-Bao Bui, Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam
Prof. B. V. Venkatarama Reddy, Indian Institute of Science, India
v
Preface
The word Earth has many interpretations; as a planet that sustains all life and
ecosystems, terrestrially it is the land mass we live on; as a material resource, it
represents the complex mixture of clay, sand, minerals and nutrients that sustains
agriculture, subterranean biodiversity and human civilisations; and spiritually, it
goes full circle to establish our primal oneness with the planet. To all native
civilisations, the earth is all encompassing and revered spiritually; to all modern
civilisations,theearthsupportsalltheecosystemservicesthatdrivesdevelopment,
industrialisation and economic growth. Through millennia, the earth has served to
house civilisations across the world, in nearly all climates and terrains, and has
sustained the ravages of time as a durable and sustainable building material. In
modern interpretations, the earth carries a nearly zero-carbon footprint, negligible
life-cycle impact and complete recyclability with no end of life (disposal). It is
accessible in its diversity to nearly all civilisations across the world, where unique
construction techniques have evolved from cob wall, wattle and daub, to modern
rammed earth building technologies.
However, never in recorded history have we faced with the challenges to sus-
tainabilitysuchasnow,withbuildingsdrivingmorethanhalfofglobalenergyand
resourceconsumptionandCO emissions.Modernpursuits,drivenbyhighenergy
2
efficiency inbuildings,arealsoprovingtobecounterintuitive with rebound effects
yielding an exponentially higher net-energy consumption, rather than energy sav-
ing.Recentreportsonmeasures tomitigateclimatechange haverevealedtheneed
to reduce building energy and resource footprint by half in the coming decades, if
global warming temperatures are to be kept below 2 °C.
Itisbuttimelythatearthenconstructionsarerevisitedfortheirpotentialtomeet
the growing demand for modern housing, relieve the increasing burden of urban-
isation, andasanalternativematerialwhichisenvironmentallybenign,renewable,
globally accessible and affordable. Scientific research needs to step in to reinforce
modern faith on the durability, structural performance, climate responsiveness and
best building practices in the adoption of earthen construction to suit modern
lifestyles. Researchers working on various facets of earthen construction, ranging
from its cultural heritage to climatic and structural performance, are few and
vii
viii Preface
scattered.Thecurrentvolumeisacompilationofwell-writtendiversearticles,with
earth being the common connecting theme, from researchers worldwide exploring
the earth for sustainable construction.
Bangalore, India B. V. Venkatarama Reddy
Bangalore, India Monto Mani
Bath, UK Pete Walker
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the authors for their contribution and also extend our
sincere appreciation for the support extended by a large panel of reviewers for
critically reviewing all the papers and enhancing the quality of the book.
This book is an important outcome of the International Symposium of Earthen
Structures2018(ISES2018).TheprimemoverfororganisingISES2018hasbeen
the UK-India collaborative (UKIERI) project (UKIERI 2016-17-063) on develop-
ingearth-basedbuildingproductsutilisingsolidwastes.Onbehalfoftheorganisers,
we take immense pride in expressing our gratitude for the generous financial
assistance from the UKIERI scheme.
Special thanks also to Springer for taking this up as an edited publication and
making it accessible worldwide.
B. V. Venkatarama Reddy
Monto Mani
Pete Walker
ix
Contents
Part I Earthen Materials and Technology
1 Studies on Geopolymer-Based Earthen Compacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
R. K. Preethi and B. V. Venkatarama Reddy
2 Stabilisation of Clay Mixtures and Soils by Alkali Activation . . . . 15
Alastair Marsh, Andrew Heath, Pascaline Patureau, Mark Evernden
and Pete Walker
3 Moisture Transport in Cement Stabilised Soil Brick-Mortar
Interface and Implications on Masonry Bond Strength . . . . . . . . . 27
B. V. Venkatarama Reddy, V. Nikhil and M. Nikhilash
4 Bond Strength of Rebars in Cement-Stabilised
Rammed Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
R. Lepakshi and B. V. Venkatarama Reddy
5 Shear Strength Parameters and Mohr–Coulomb Failure
Envelopes for Cement-Stabilised Rammed Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
R. Lepakshi and B. V. Venkatarama Reddy
6 Influence of Normal Stress and Bonding Techniques on Shear
Bond Strength of Rammed Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
S. N. Ullas, G. S. Pavan and K. S. Nanjunda Rao
7 Characteristics of Flowable Stabilised Earth Concrete. . . . . . . . . . 71
K. Gourav and S. N. Ullas
8 The Stabilized Rammed Earth Building Technique and its Use
in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Rodrigo Amaral Rocha and Pedro Henryque Melo de Oliveira
xi