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OSES* 1942
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slaagkte red or deposited. 2Sxe oil and blood on She sacred stone
say pleas© and feed the god, but the altar Is the place where of
ferings are placed, dor hist to talc©. They are not put on hla.*
Serein lies the difference between the sacred tree -or stone and
the altar*
Semitic Altars
ifseh has been written on the' sacrificial ritual of' the
Semites, but there Is not complete .agreosent. on the devoio-pnsnt
or the -altar. Much difficulty centers around the definition. of
an altar and Just sfesa the object upon ■which the sacrifice -©as
placed deserves to be called by She tern, ^'aitsr*3'
Curtiss In describing the practice of the Arabs today
sayss *Ihs altar consists of a. natural rock in which Is cut a
channel by which the blood Is drained to the -sacred cave beneath*
She 3£osou© of Oner at derusaien is built over such a rock*4^
Gray traces this eust-os back to the tine -shea
the deity was .supposed to dnell In or be Identical with
a crag; one part of which was takes, as as altar because of
Its natural forsatlcss* Out ci these prlultlv© conditions
there were two lines of development, one. of which produced
the altars of later- tisses and the -other- the ssasse‘osh.2:
Sslfch points out that in Arabia, uhere fire- sacrifices
are .unhcesscn, we do sot find the -oesssoa altar,- but instead a pil
lar or heap of stones, beside which the vietha is- slain and the
blood poured ever the stone- or at its base* Here the blood Is
tbs essential in. the ritual,, since none of the flesh is given to
the god, but- instead Is given to the ones who assist at the sac
rifice. -Heferersce is- also- saede to- this type of blood sacrif ice
XS* Z» Curtiss* wjB0tSaa?».*- 52s© Biblical World* 2XT 11905},.
255,256
%?ray, op* ort *, p* eco
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blood cr or pouring it at the b&so of th© altar soess to taire
boss, a general practice In the ancient world and evidence of Its
use Is -cceasoKU
Stone jsorEsasnts are frond In the following different
fomsi neshirs, single upright at-ones; dclsens, which Is. their
sinplo-st fors -consist of two uprights supporting a third placed
roof-sidej aXJgirceatG, groups of stones In lines; rock surfaces,
naturally or artificaXly ressarkshle, especially oaring to the
presence of cupnarks*
Sirzpie stone -altars, such, as those Sender observed at Suf
znxl at Ht* Hebe ^probably typify the earliest of too. artificial
or ssan-sj&do altars,®-~ 2hey are of the osha type, a. group of un—
kesr. stones .heaped together resesh-ilsg a. hid? or mountain. Scsss
are led to enphasise the nouatais top appsaran.ee so strongly that
they see in this proof that those who developed this altar were
originally neunhain people who sazst still have the object of their
worship, the deity, dwelling on the top -of -a ~h.il! even in the
altar*
in addition to the scene altar we find an early type of
earth .altar*; 2be one found at Saanach with figures of saisals in
relief illustrates the ncrs omsnental version of the sane type
f<S2ii at Goner* She Goner altar is described by Sa.calister as a
bask of ©arth about eleven feet in length, through which it
was excessively difficult to cut, as the earth sesned to have
been, baked very hard; for a long tine it resisted the picks
-of the worknen* Ssgjedded in this earth bank were a number of
hunan skulls, saadk injured and broken* * ,. «.2
^G. H* Gender, Beth and Bosh (.Londcsa and JJec fork: Sac- -
aillaa and Co*, 1902), p.: l&l* :
% U k. S.: lascs-l.lster,. Bible Sidelights fron the. Mound at
Gezer {Sew Torkr Charles Scribner^s -Sons, X90&J, p*. 06*
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- 'tmm
Geser,. isegiddo, Petrs. and fell es-&fi have hx-ought much
light “to us regarding. the masschsh. Shese cone-shaped pillars
are sometimes found. standing alone and at other places la gronpe*
Xhey apparently are similar, if not Identical, with the Arab nosb
on. vbich the devotes pcured oil or blood. "She saaesebalx nay nave
served for a hisse as both a representation of the- deity and an
altar,, but it eventually developed into a stone- idol and the altar
takes Its place before or beside a regular altar*
Altars for Burnt Offeringss.
Information frcsa both dsasan -and Babylon indicate that
the burnt offering; began as -an ordinary tooling of meat -Ehiek m s
■eaten by the ■srorshi.ppsr. Xhis involved the idea, of the corrsmal
seal* there ®as no elaborate ritual, but merely the designation
of a particular- seal as belonging to the god and oansequsntly
sacred.- later came the transition from this simple form. to that .
in vhfch the seat uas 'burned and tbs sscke m s understood to as
cend to the deity, the inhalation, of mhieh gave b-tr^ pleasure.
Xhis practice led to the development of the fire- altar..
She fire altar m s more a product of human ingenuity* Xt
foil cared a pattern calculated to make it adapted to the burning
of a. sacrifice. Here ae find rsen. using -shat tods they had in
order to fashion it». SeXlinIs excavations at fell faamsek yield
ed an example of this type, fbe altar here vsss- sgu&re at the
base, round at the top and. about three feet hir^x.- Shore uere
steps up the comer and the top sss hollosed.
Xn. Petra m s found at the hi^s. place a reek-cut altar reirre.
foot long, six feet -sside sod three feet. high. Prcex 3he east side-
fehe officiating priest .could ascend* 2be depression at the top Is
probably the fire hosi* Connected vlsk this altar is a platfora
apparently used for the preparation, of the sacrifice* It measures
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-.7 -
.sixteen feet long, twelve feet -wide -and three feet high, At- one
corns? there are steps to lead to the top where sure two circular
hollow places* Bron the Xcser ox- phese s. channel leads which, t-a-s
evidently for the carrying off or the "blood of the slaughtered
violins*
Basse basins for catching the blood the conduit feer
leading Xt away seen to he an Ixrporbsnt pant of the- ritualy Bhis
Is cue to the attention the early peoples gave to the- blood as he—
longing definitely to the -deity, la places It was conducted to
an underground cave which tsss supposed to he sacred to, or in
habited by, the- god, Xt Is probable that all altars were accom
panied by a place of slaughter,
lasseea expresses the Idea that the altar found at Judeldeh
was
a rock -surface slab with twenty-five cup beXXows, and isas
probably a fined altar, Yhis -altar was used for burnt offer
ings or for ilculd offerings of blood and wins and water,. Xn
libation sacrifices, cup hollows were associated with the
altars.l
Be also- describes an altar cut in the rock surface on GphsI Hill
In Jemsalsn,
fas do vOlopnent of the altar -evidently began, with the
placing of sa offering upon the ground or on cr before the object
In which the god was believed to <hrelX, At first there was no
altar, Early the idea of sacrifice involved the eating, of an of
fering of food, sonetlnes eaten by the- divinity alone again
eaten by the worshippers,, supposedly Jointly with" -the god* "Sith.
the cessing, of ^presentation of the god in the fom -of idols the
people added a pole or stone and on this placed their offerings,
xbe real and simplest beginning of the altar srost have been the
2,- Itancsss,. aiding: no Biblical. History (Bet? Yorks
■ and Go,, 19S1T, XX, 3S,.
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—S—■
z~&5 vdsich resoled the -sacrifice fron direct; contact dth tlia
gr^yond* She earth alfear or a pile of stones -sas an cntgrasnh of
this*. She earliest; hardness or triples- s-ere so sasaii that- for a
tine tSis altar- had to Is© left, outside and ^as thus separated fron
the issage* doss to vehleh. I t first, stood. Larger doildlzics ren©—
died this and the altar sent inside to its original place beside
the representation of the deitg-*
Bevelopne-rtt is art' hastened the change vhich had olreadj
brought the altar tbroo^t stages of ssab to piles of stores* heaps
of earth, and been stones* Ihough decorations -sere added* si.se
varied and apportenance.s foiaed* the altar -still regained as the
receptacle for the gift to- the deltj; so natter thet-hsr the fossa
bo- burnt offering, incense,, anhaai* vegetable* or other oblation*
2his oa& be- said of the altar -as. late as the beginning of the.
sixth cantors* B»- C*.s. the end of the period covered in this stuagv
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