Early Development of the Adrenal Glands in the Grass Snake Natrix natrix L. (Lepidosauria, Serpentes)

108 Pages·2002·3.564 MB·English

by  Weronika Rupik (auth.)

Advances in Anatomy
Embryology and Cell Biology
Vol. 164
Editors
F. Beck,Melbourne B.Christ, Freiburg
W. Kriz, Heidelberg W. Kummer, GieBen
E.Marani, Leiden R. Putz, Munchen
Y. Sano, Kyoto T.H. Schiebler, Wiirzburg
G.C.Schoenwolf, Salt Lake City
K.Zilles, Dusseldorf
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
w.
Rupik
Early Development
of the Adrenal Glands
in the Grass Snake
Natrix natrix L.
(Lepidosauria, Serpentes)
With 81 Figures
, Springer
WBRONIKA RUPIK
Department of Animal Histology and Embryology,
Silesian University,
Bankowa St. 9,
40-007 Katowice, Poland
ISSN 0301-5556
ISBN 978-3-540-43165-7
Library of Congress-Cataloging-in-Publication-Data
Rupik, Weronika: Early development of the adrenal glands in the grass snake
Natrix natrix 1. (Lepidosauria, Serpentes): with 1 table 1 W. Rupik. - Berlin;
Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Tokyo:
Springer, 2002
(Advances in anatomy, embryology, and ceU biology; Vol. 164)
ISBN 978-3-540-43165-7 ISBN 978-3-642-55977-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-55977-8
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Iwouldliketodedicate thiswork
tomy masters and teachers,
Prof. KazimierzCzechowicz
andDr. Miroslawa Skowerska.
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 ComparativeMorphologyofVertebrateAdrenals . . 1
1.2 HistoryofReptileAdrenal Studies . . . . . . . . . .. 7
1.3 NomenclatureofReptileAdrenal Glands . . . . . .. 10
1.4 Adrenal GlandsinReptiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
1.4.1 TopographyofReptileAdrenal Glands 14
1.4.2 StructuralTypesofAdrenal GlandsinReptiles . . .. 17
1.5 EmbryonicDevelopmentofReptileAdrenals . . . . . 20
1.6 WhyDoWeStudytheDevelopment
andDifferentiationofAdrenal GlandsinSnakes? .. 22
2 MaterialsandMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23
2.1 Materials - CharacteristicFeatures . . . . . . . . . .. 23
2.2 Normal DevelopmentalTable . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
2.2.1 Methods 24
2.2.2MorphologicalDescription
oftheDevelopmentalStages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 Methods ofResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32
3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
3.1 Microscopic Anatomy
ofthe InterrenalTissuePrimordium . . . . . . . . .. 35
3.2 Ultrastructureofthe InterrenalTissuePrimordium . 46
3.3 Microscopic Anatomy
ofthe ChromaffinTissuePrimordium . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 Ultrastructureofthe Chromaffin Tissue
Primordium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.5 StagesofAdrenal Development . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70
4 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
5 Conclusions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87
6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 89
References 91
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 101
VII
Acknowledgements
The author would like to express her most sincere gratitude to
Prof. Zofia Bielafiska-Osuchowska for critical reading of the
manuscriptforinvaluable adviceand her commentsand helpful
suggestions. Special thanks to Dr. Danuta Urbanska-Iasik for
help with photomicrography and for processing the negatives
and prints; AleksandraPankiewiczandJoannaSkudlikforexcel
lent drawing; Piotr AleksanderPopielforthe careful revision of
theEnglishtext.
Iwould likealsotothankalltheotherpeople whohelped me
duringpreparingthiswork.
IX
Comment
Principles of laboratory animal care were followed, as well as
specific national laws where applicable. Allspecimens used in
experimentswerecapturedaccordingtoPolishlegalregulations
on wildspecies protection (Dz.U.or2 poz. 11z1984r.,Dz.U.or
114poz.492z1991r.).TheDepartmentofHistologyandEmbry
ologyobtainedapprovalofPolishMinistryofEnvironmentPro
tectionandForestryforperformingstudiesonprotectedspecies
( OP. 4072/ 47 / 94). The grass snake Natrix natrix L. is not
includedin the WashingtonConventionof1973,ratifiedbyPo
landin 1991 (Dz.U.or 27poz.Il2).
XI
1 Introduction
1.1
ComparativeMorphologyofVertebrateAdrenals
Adrenal tissues exist in allvertebrate species from Cyclostomata through mammals,
thoughtheirstructureand functionwereheavilymodifiedinthe course ofevolution
(ChesterJones 1976;Balmenteta1.1980).Morphologicaland topographicdiversifica
tion ofadrenalglands and homologousorgans invertebratesisaconsequenceoftheir
dual nature as well as a reflection of development and differentiation of excretory
organs,gonads andgonoductsinindividualanimalclasses(Kerr 1919;ChesterJones
1957a).
Roofmesoderm ofthe bodycavity has avery interestinghistory. Lateral nephro
genous tissue givesorigin to ducts of the excretorysystem,while the median tissue
developsinto gonads asareproductivelist.Cellsofsteroidogeniccortex tissue,indis
pensableforvertebrates,developbetween the twoareas.Physiologicallythe steroido
genicadrenaltissueshowsmanysimilaritiestoorgans developing inthevicinityofits
primordium.Hormones produced in both gonads and adrenal steroidogenic tissue
belongtothesamebiochemicalgroupand followmanycommonmetabolictracks.An
assumption was also made that adrenal tissues originate from the need for ionic
regulation inexcretoryorgans (ChesterJonesand Phillips 1960).
In the course of vertebrate evolution, the location of adrenal tissues changed in
relation to that ofexcretoryorgans (Fig. 1).Also,the levelofassociationofsteroido
genicandchromaffincellswaschangedwhiletheirspatial distributionwasdifferent
(Hanke 1984).Mutual relations between adrenal tissue in vertebrates are shown in
Fig.2.
Histological studies showed that two kinds of adrenal tissue coexist in Cyclosto
mata. Cells placed along vein walls probably produce steroids. In the same areas,
clusters of chromaffin-catecholamine cellsoccur,which rarely contact the steroido
genictissue (ChesterJoneseta1.1962;Indelman 1978).
In Elasmobranchii,the tissue producing steroids forms small cellclusters located
between the vertebralcolumnandthe median marginsofthe mesonephros.In many
species, these clusters form strip-like,paired or singular formations referred to as
interrenalorgans.Chromaffinorganshavethe form ofnodulesadjacenttointercostal
arteriesonbothsides ofthe aorta(Bern etal.1962).Theplacementofthese organs is
generallysegmental,though on certain intercostal arteries they may be absent (Ro
scoe 1976). In some fish the combined catecholamine cell nodules form a pair of
elongated catecholamineorgansinthe anteriorpartofthe trunk(Oguri 1977).
cht hk a
k
Sc
Elasmobranch Teleost Urodelen
a a
k k
Anurans Lizards Birds Mammals
Fig.1.Localizationoftheadrenalglands invarious vertebrate.Stippled,corticaltissue;black,chro
maffin tissue; a,adrenalgland;cht,chromaffintissue;cv,cardinalvein;hk,head kidney;k,kidney,
Sc,Stanniusscorpuscles.(AfterTurnerand Bagnara 1978)
InChondrichthyes, thetwoadrenalpartsaretypicallyseparated,thoughinrayRaja
clamata,small chromaffincellisletsweredescribedinthe interrenalorgan.Onemust
stress that among vertebrates it is only in Chondrichthyes that one adrenal element
wasdescribedindetail asan interrenalorgan,which means that itislocated between
the nephros and that these fish do not belong to the main evolutionaryline leading
towards tetrapods(Bentley1976;ChesterJones1976).
In Osteichthyes, there are marked differences as to the association of the two
adrenaltissues.Asarule,they arelocated withinorjust before the cephalic nephros,
around caval veins and their ramifications (Indler et al. 1972).In many species,
cephalic nephrosconsist onlyoflymphoidormyeloid tissue and thus areblood-gen
erating organs (Youson et al. 1976). In some species, such as Salmo both types of
adrenalcellsarecompletelyseparated,whileinotherspeciestheyareintermingled,as
in Cottus (Nandi 1961;Mahon etal.I962).Itwasnoticedveryearlythat the interrenal
tissue ofthese animals containstwokinds ofcells(Oguri 1964).This brings us to an
assumptionthat insome fishwemayhaveazonationofinterrenaltissue (Tayloretal.
1975).Specificformations calledStanniusbodies weredescribedinthe mesonephros
of Osteichthyes. Fontaine and Lopez (1963) and Ogawa (1967) suggested that these
2