Table Of Content7
1
0
2
y
r
a
u
r
b
e
F
8
0
1
4
:
1
2
t
a
]
o
g
e
i
D
n
a
S
a,
i
n
r
o
f
i
l
a
C
f
o
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
Early Asceticism in India
Âjîvikism was once ranked one of the most important religions in India between
the 4th and 2nd centuries BCE, after Buddhism, ‘Brahmanism’ and before
Jainism, but is now a forgotten Indian religion. However, Jainism has remained
an integral part of the religious landscape of South Asia, despite the common
7 beginnings shared with Âjîvikism.
1
0
2 By rediscovering, reconstructing, and examining the Âjîvikism doctrine, its art,
y
r origins and development, this book provides new insight into Âjîvikism, and
a
u discusses how this information enables us to better understand its impact on
r
b Jainism and its role in the development of Indian religion and philosophy. This
e
F book explains how, why and when Jainism developed its strikingly unique logic
8
0 and epistemology and what historical and doctrinal factors prompted the ideas
1 which later led to the formulation of the doctrine of multiplexity of reality
4
1: (anekânta-vâda). It also provides answers to difficult passages of Buddhist
2
t Sâmañña-phala-sutta that baffled both Buddhist commentators and modern
a researchers.
]
o
g
e Offering clearer perspectives on the origins of Jainism the book will be an
i
D
invaluable contribution to Jaina Studies, Asian Religion and Religious History.
n
a
S
a,
i Piotr Balcerowicz is Professor of Indian Philosophy and Oriental Studies
n
or (Indology) at the University of Warsaw, Poland. He specialises in philosophical
f
i traditions of Asia and the West, with emphasis on Indian epistemology and non-
l
a
C Brahmanic philosophical schools.
f
o
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies
Series Editor: Peter Flügel, School of Oriental and African Studies
7
1
0
2
y
r
a
u
r
b
e Jaina Studies have become an accepted part of the Study of Religion. This series
F
8 provides a medium for regular scholarly exchange across disciplinary boundaries.
0 It will include edited collection and monographs on Jainism.
1
4
:
1 1. STUDIES IN JAINA HISTORY AND CULTURE
2
t Disputes and Dialogues
a
] Edited by Peter Flügel
o
g
e
Di 2. HISTORY, SCRIPTURE AND CONTROVERSY IN A MEDIEVAL
n JAIN SECT
a
S Paul Dundas
a,
i
n 3. THE HISTORY OF VEGETARIANISM AND COW-VENERATION
r
o IN INDIA
f
i
al Ludwig Alsdorf
C
Edited by W. Bollée
f
o
y 4. JAINA SCRIPTURES AND PHILOSOPHY
t
i
rs Edited by Peter Flügel & Olle Qvarnström
e
v
i
n 5. YOGA IN JAINISM
U
[ Edited by Christopher Key Chapple
y
b
d 6. EARLY ASCETICISM IN INDIA
e
d Âjîvikism and Jainism
a
o Piotr Balcerowicz
l
n
w
o
D
Early Asceticism in India
7
1 Âjîvikism and Jainism
0
2
y
r
a
u
br
e
F
8 Piotr Balcerowicz
0
1
4
:
1
2
t
a
o]
g
e
i
D
n
a
S
a,
i
n
r
o
f
i
l
a
C
f
o
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
First published 2016
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
7
1
0 © 2016 Piotr Balcerowicz
2
y
ar All illustrations (maps, photographs, drawings) by
u
r © Piotr Balcerowicz, unless otherwise indicated
b
e
F
8 The right of Piotr Balcerowicz to be identified as author of this work has been
0 asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs
1
4 and Patents Act 1988.
:
1
2
t All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
a
] in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
o
g hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
e
i storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
D
n
a Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
S
a, trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
ni infringe.
r
o
f
li British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
a
C A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
of
y Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
t
i
s A catalog record for this book has been requested
r
e
v
i
n ISBN: 978-1-138-84713-2 (hbk)
U
[ ISBN: 978-1-315-72697-7 (ebk)
y
b
d Typeset in Times New Roman / Sanskrit New Times
e
d by Piotr Balcerowicz
a
o
l
n
w
o Publisher’s Note
D
This book has been prepared from camera-ready copy provided by the author.
7
1
0
2
y
r
a
u
br
e
F
8
0
1
4 To my Ania
:
1
2
t
a
]
o
g
e
Di
n
a
S
a,
i
n
r
o
f
i
l
a
C
f
o
y
it
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
Acknowledgements:
o
D
Research work on this book has been generously supported
by the National Science Centre of Poland (Research Project:
History of Classical Indian Philosophy: non-Brahmanic Schools,
National Science Centre, 2011/01/B/HS1/04014)
7
1
0
2
y
r
a
u
r
b
e
F
8
0
1
4
:
1
2
t
a
]
o
g
e
i
D
n
a
S Page Intentionally Left Blank
a,
i
n
r
o
f
i
l
a
C
f
o
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
CONTENTS
7
1
0
2
y
r
a
u
r
b
e List of Figures and Table
F
8 1. Introduction 5
0
1
4 2. The Encounter 11
:
1
2 3. Goœâla as a ‘Jaina’ Teacher 37
t
a
] 4. Souls and Colours 44
o
g
e 5. Divination and Foretelling the Future 55
i
D
n 6. Common Set of Early Scriptures 68
a
S
a, 7. Common Cosmology 79
i
n 8. Goœâla’s First Teaching and Vardhamâna’s First Ascetic Experiences 85
r
o
f
i 9. The Finalities, Death and Sallekhanâ 90
l
a
C
f 10. Drinkables, Undrinkables and the Waters of the Sâmañña-phala-sutta 109
o
y 11. Âjîvikas, Pottery and Pots 122
t
i
s
r 12. Determinism, Âjîvikas and Jainism 136
e
v
i
n 13. Early Anekânta-vâda and the Three Figures 174
U
[
y 14. Âjîvikas, Trairâœikas, Jainas 186
b
d 15. The Beginnings of the Sapta-bhaógî 205
e
d
a 16. Early Epistemological Devices and the Beginnings of Jaina Logic 213
o
l
n
w 17. The Anekânta-vâda and the Âjîvikas 220
o
D 18. Traces of the Anekânta in Pali Buddhist Literature? 227
19. A Religious Centre and the Art of the Âjîvikas 241
20. Three Traditions: Pârœva, Goœâla, Mahâvîra 300
Abbreviations and Bibliography 328
Index 353
7
1
0
2
y
r
a
u
r
b
e
F
8
0
1
4
:
1
2
t
a
]
o
g
e
i
D
n
a
S Page Intentionally Left Blank
a,
i
n
r
o
f
i
l
a
C
f
o
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
List of Figures and Table
7
1
0
2
y
r Figures
a
u
r
b
e 14. 1 A comparison of Jaina and Âjîvikan viewpoints 204
F
8 19. 1 The spatial arrangement of the Barâbâr and Nâgârjunî Hills 253
0
1 19. 2 The inscription N1 of the Gopikâ cave, Nâgârjunî Hill 255
4 19. 3a Daœaratha inscription N1 (Gopikâ cave), letter di 255
:
1
2 19. 3b Daœaratha inscription N1 (Gopikâ cave), letter di 255
t
a 19. 4a Daœaratha inscription N1 (Gopikâ cave), letter da 255
]
o 19. 4b Daœaratha inscription N1 (Gopikâ cave), letter da 255
g
ie 19. 5a Daœaratha inscription N1 (Gopikâ cave), letter de 255
D
n 19. 5b Daœaratha inscription N1 (Gopikâ cave), letter de 255
a 19. 6a Daœaratha inscription N1 (Gopikâ cave), letter daô 255
S
a, 19. 6b Daœaratha inscription N1 (Gopikâ cave), letter daô 255
i
n 19. 7a Aœoka inscription B2 (Sudâma cave), letter da 256
r
o
f 19. 7b Aœoka inscription B2 (Sudâma cave), letter da 256
i
l
a 19. 8a Aœoka inscription B2 (Sudâma cave), letter du 256
C
f 19. 8b Aœoka inscription B2 (Sudâma cave), letter du 256
o
y 19. 9a Aœoka inscription B2 (Sudâma cave), letter de 256
t
si 19. 9b Aœoka inscription B2 (Sudâma cave), letter de 256
r
e 19. 10a Aœoka inscription (Sahasrâm), dhi 256
v
i
n 19. 10b Aœoka inscription (Sahasrâm), dhi 256
U
[ 19. 11 Aœoka Inscription found at Sahasrâm 256
y
b 19. 12a A rock bed (nisîdiyâ, nišadyâ) above cave N1 258
d 19. 12b The contours of the rock bed and tiny drainage channels
e
d
a above cave N1 259
o
l 19. 13a Steps engraved in the vicinity of caves B1, B2 and B3 260
n
w
19. 13b Steps engraved in the vicinity of cave N1 260
o
D 19. 13c Steps engraved below cave N1 260
19. 14 The frieze of the dvâra-toraòa façade of the Lomâs Åši 271
19. 15 A photo of Karòa Caupâr cave (B1) showing the ‘ghost’ 272
19. 16 The lower portions of the Lomâs Åši portal where some
statues once stood 273
