Early (Acute) Effects of Radiation.

128 Pages·2011·6.66 MB·English

Early (Acute) Effects
of Radiation
10/25/2010 1
Contents
General
Categorizing Radiation Effects
Early Effects
Use of Absorbed Dose vs. Dose Equivalent
Radiation Syndromes
General
Three Radiation Syndromes
Three Stages of the Acute Radiation Syndromes
Prodromal Stage
Latent Stage
Illness and/or Death Stage
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Contents
Hematopoietic Syndrome
General
Symptoms as a Function of Dose
Composition of Blood
Lymphocytes and the Effect of Radiation
Granulocytes and the Effect of Radiation
Platelets and the Effect of Radiation
Eryythrocyytes and the Effect of Radiation
Blood Cells and the Effect of Radiation
Progress of the Hematopoietic Syndrome
Gastrointestinal Syndrome
General
Description of the Gastrointestinal Lining
Effects of Radiation on Gastrointestinal Lining
Progress of the Gastrointestinal Syndrome
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Contents
Cerebrovascular (Central Nervous System) Syndrome
General
Initial Effects and Consequence to Organism
Partial Body Exposures
Skin - Cutaneous Radiation Syndrome/Injury
Chronic Cutaneous Syndrome
Epilation – loss of hair
Sterility in Males
Sterility in Females
Fibroatrophy
Health Physicist’s Role Following Acute Exposures
Immediate Response
Dose Estimates
Assess Possible Intake
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Contents
Dose Assessment
Initial Dose Estimate
Lymphocyte Counts
Cytogenetic Dosimetry
Electron Paramagnetic (Spin) Resonance
Accident Reconstruction – Mathematical
Accident Reconstruction – Physical
Neutron Expposure - Screeningg Method
Neutron Exposure – Na-24 Concentration in Blood
Medical Treatment: General
Hospitalization Guidance
General
Issues Regarding Infection
Blood Cell Monitoring
Palliative Treatment
REACTS Guidance for Doses Exceeding 2 Gy
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Contents
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and colony
Stimulating Factors
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantations
Bone Marrow Transplants
Peripheral Blood Progenitor (stem) Cell Transplants
Placental/umbilical-cord Blood Transplants
Hematopoietic Growth Factors (cytokines)
Rescuing Victims of Acute Whole Body Exposures
General
NCRP Report 39 Guidance
NCRP Report 116 Guidance
Department of Energy Regulations 10 CFR 835
References
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General
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General
Categorizing Radiation Effects
Radiation effects are categorized in several different ways.
Perhaps the most fundamental way is to divide them into
two categories according to the length of time between the
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(the latent period)
Latent Period
Exposure Effect
Time
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General
Categorizing Radiation Effects
Early Effects (Acute Effects)
Occur within two months or so of the exposure
Late Effects (Delayed Effects)
Occur more than two months after the exposure
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General
Early Effects (Acute Effects)
Early effects occur within 2 months of the exposure. This
definition is somewhat arbitrary in view of the various
factors that can affect the length of time between the
exposure and the effect. As such, various authors define
acute effects in slightly different ways. For example, some
define acute effects as those effects occurring within up to
6 months of the exposure.
Normally, acute effects are only observed if the dose is
greater than 1 Gy (100 rads) and delivered over a short
time (acutely).
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