Table Of ContentTegawendé F. Bissyande
Oumarou Sie (Eds.)
208
e-Infrastructure
and e-Services
for Developing Countries
8th International Conference, AFRICOMM 2016
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, December 6–7, 2016
Proceedings
123
Lecture Notes of the Institute
for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics
and Telecommunications Engineering 208
Editorial Board
Ozgur Akan
Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Paolo Bellavista
University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Jiannong Cao
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Geoffrey Coulson
Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Falko Dressler
University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
Domenico Ferrari
Università Cattolica Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
Mario Gerla
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
Hisashi Kobayashi
Princeton University, Princeton, USA
Sergio Palazzo
University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Sartaj Sahni
University of Florida, Florida, USA
Xuemin Sherman Shen
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Mircea Stan
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
Jia Xiaohua
City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Albert Y. Zomaya
University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8197
é
Tegawend F. Bissyande Oumarou Sie (Eds.)
(cid:129)
e-Infrastructure
and e-Services
for Developing Countries
8th International Conference, AFRICOMM 2016
–
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, December 6 7, 2016
Proceedings
123
Editors
TegawendéF.Bissyande Oumarou Sie
University of Luxembourg University of Ouagadougou
Luxembourg Ouagadougou
Luxembourg BurkinaFaso
ISSN 1867-8211 ISSN 1867-822X (electronic)
Lecture Notesof the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics
andTelecommunications Engineering
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Preface
AFRICOMM2016,theeighthintheseriesoftheEAIConferencesone-Infrastructure
and e-Services for Developing Countries, held during December 6–7, 2016 in
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, proved to be a unique and fantastic opportunity for
African-rooted ICT4D. Scientists, practitioners, students, and professionals met to
discussresearchanddevelopmentofefficientandeffectiveinfrastructuresandsolutions
insituationsoflimitedresources.Thisworkisofutmostimportanceasitconstitutesa
key-enabler for the diffusion of ICT in developing countries.
In a concerted effort, following past experiences in Central and South African
regions, participants interacted to discuss issues and trends, recent research, innova-
tional advances, and in-the-fieldexperiences related to e-Governance, e-Infrastructure,
and e-Business with a focus on developing countries.
This volume of papers testifies of the exemplary efforts and sacrifices made by
participants and the Organizing Committee. The excellent work supported an exciting
program, and provides a unique insight in appropriate technology and practice. We
thankthepeer-reviewersandallinvolvedforajobwelldone.Thankstoourcolleagues
from Burkina Faso, notably Prof. Oumarou Sie and Dr. Mesmin Dandjinou for
excellent arrangements.
The papers, the commitment to participate, and the representation of research,
practice, and interaction, made AFRICOMM 2016 a milestone event, not only for the
ICTresearchcommunityinBurkinaFaso,butalsofortheWestAfricanregion,notably
the Côte d’Ivoire and Senegal, neighboring countries who sent the largest contingents
for research.
Let these conference proceedings of AFRICOMM 2016 be a milestone of agency
and empowermentfor culturally aligned practices in e-Infrastructure and e-Servicesin
developing countries.
Tegawendé F. Bissyande
Joseph Ki-zerbo
Conference Organization
Steering Committee
Imrich Chlamtac CREATE-NET, Italy
Roch Glitho Concordia University, Canada; IMSP,
University of Abomey Calavi, Benin
Karl Jonas Bonn-Rhein-SiegUniversityofAppliedScience,Germany
David Johnson Meraka CSIR and University of Cape Town, South Africa
Yacine Université de la Rochelle, France
Ghamri-Doudane
Bjorn Pehrson KTH, Sweden
Organizing Committee
General Chair
Oumarou Sie University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
General Co-chair
Gertjan van Stam SIRDC, Zimbabwe
TPC Chair
TegawendéF.Bissyandé University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Local Chair
Mesmin Dandjinou Université Polytechnique de Bobo Dioulasso,
Burkina Faso
Workshops Chair
Jonathan Ouoba VTT Research Center, Finland
Publicity and Social Media Chair
Frederic Ouédraogo University of Koudougou, Burkina Faso
Web Chair
Tiguiane Yelemou Université Polytechnique de Bobo Dioulasso,
Burkina Faso
VIII Conference Organization
Sponsorships and Exhibits Chair
Boureima Zerbo University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Conference Manager
Barbara Fertalova EAI (European Alliance for Innovation)
Technical Program Committee
Ernesto Damiani Etisalat British Telecom Innovation Center; Khalifa
University, UAE
Paolo Ceravolo University of Milan, Italy
Pasteur Poda Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso,
Burkina Faso
Tiguiane Yélémou Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso,
Burkina Faso
Malo Sadouanouan Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso,
Burkina Faso
Laurence Capus Université Laval, Canada
Hatem Ben Sta Laboratoire SOIE, Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis,
University of Tunis, Tunisia
Max Agueh LACSC-ECE Paris, France
Roch Glitho Concordia University, Canada
Patrick Chikumba Malawi Polytechnic,University of Malawi, Malawi
Nizar Bouguila Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
Eugene C. Ezin University of Abomey Calavi, Republic of Benin
William Dedzoe Inria, France
Christian Attiogbe University of Nantes, France
Adam Ouorou Orange Labs, France
Gertjan van Stam SIRDC, Zimbabwe
Aurel Randolph Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, Canada
Fabien Houeto Schlumberger, USA
Paul Kogeda Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa
Karl Jonas Germany
Thomas Djotio Ndié LIRIMA, University of Yaoundé, Cameroon;
Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique, Cameroon
Fréderic T. Ouédraogo Université de Koudougou, Burkina Faso
Jonathan Ouob VTT Technical Center, Finland
TegawendéF.Bissyandé Université du Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Visual Cryptography in Action: The
Pay-with-a-Selfie Demo
(Invited Paper)
Stelvio Cimato1, Ernesto Damiani2, Dina J.M. Shehadai2,
Rasool Asali2, Fulvio Frati1, Chan Yeob Yeun2, Joêl T. Hounsou3,
and Jacques P. Houngbo3
1Department of Computer Science, Universitàdeglistudi diMilano,
Crema, Italy
2Etisalat British Telecom Innovation Center/Khalifa University,
Abu Dhabi, UAE
3 Institute of Mathematicsand Physics,Benin
Keywords: Mobile payments (cid:129)Visual cryptography
1 Application Scenario and Implementation
Indevelopingcountries,mobiletechnologyisimprovinglifeconditionsandproviding
newopportunitiesforeconomicdevelopment[3].Pay-with-a-Selfieisaprojectfunded
by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation which provides a micro-payment framework
forsmallbusinesstransactionsatvirtuallyzeroper-transactionoverheadandrequiring
no technological abilities beyond the one needed for taking a selfie [2]. Trust is
enhanced by relying on Visual Cryptography (VC) schemes that make it possible the
creation of shares [1, 4]. “Pay-with-a-Selfie” is not intended to replace the existing
paymentinfrastructures,buttoextendtheirreachtoareaswhereconnectivityispatchy,
ortosituations when thephones SIMs areabsentorlocked.Thesystem’sarchitecture
includes two basic components: an app running on the supplier’s and customer’s
smart-phone1 and a desktop tool installed at the point of service. The current version
of the app(s) has been developed using Android Studio, and enables the production
of the shares and their exchange between the two parties. The desktop tool has been
developed in Java and is used to reconstruct the images after both shares provided by
the parties have arrived.
The actions that the parties and their apps are called to execute, and are shown in
the “Pay-with-a-Selfie” demo, are listed below:
1 Thecustomerversion,calledthePurchaserapp,includessomefunctionalitiesonlyandisdistributed
usingapublicappstore.TheSupplierapprequiresdetailedregistrationatdownloadandcontainssome
additionalchecksforcodeintegrity.Wewillprovidethedetailsof“Pay-with-a-Selfie”codeintegrity
protectioninafuturepaper.
X S. Cimato etal.
1. (Purchaser/Purchaser App): Display the name of product/service to be exchanged
and its price on the purchaser’s phone using the captcha generator built in the
customer’s app
2. (Supplier): Take a selfie with the supplier’s smart-phone showing the supplier, the
purchaser and the customer’s phone showing the captcha
3. (SupplierApp):Converttheimageittoblackandwhite(performingditheringwhen
necessary) and generate two shares;
4. (Supplier App) Send one of the shares and the original image to the purchaser’s
phone using a local Bluetooth connection.
The gray-scale image of a sample selfie showing two parties concluding the
transaction, together with the price is shown in Fig. 1, as well as the black and white
imagegeneratedinternallybytheSupplierAppasinputforshares’computation.From
the implementation point of view is important to remark that computing the shares on
theblack-and-whiteditheredversionoftheselfiehasenabledustomeetverystringent
constraintsintermsofexecutionandbatterytimeonAndroid,evenwhenourappsare
executed on a cheap, low-memory smartphone. Also, besides being easily recognised
by humans, people in our black-and white selfies have been consistently correctly
taggedbytherun-of-the-millutilitiesavailableonboardthephonesandonthedesktop
computer. Once the purchaser’s and supplier’s phones get connected to the network,
the two apps send the shares and the original image to a trusted remote service point,
the bank, who reconstructs the image and (possibly interacting with a traditional
paymentinfrastructure,orwithavirtualcurrencysystem)ensuresthatthesuppliergets
the cash, and that the buyer gets the goods. It is important to remark that the
“Pay-with-a-Selfie”desktoptool-theoneusedbythefinancialservicepoint-supports
grouping transactions involving a given supplier/purchaser until the total amount
reaches a threshold where transaction costs are acceptable to both parties.
Fig.1. The selfie showing the parties and the price of the transaction. (a) the image in
grayscale, (b) the same image in black and white
