e-Citizens: Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Citizenry

207 Pages·2019·6.304 MB·English

by  Alfredo M. Ronchi

Alfredo M. Ronchi
e-Citizens
Toward a New Model
of (Inter)active Citizenry
e-Citizens
Alfredo M. Ronchi
e-Citizens
Toward a New Model
of (Inter)active Citizenry
AlfredoM.Ronchi
PolitecnicodiMilano
Milano,Italy
ISBN978-3-030-00745-4 ISBN978-3-030-00746-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00746-1
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Preface
Starting from the first decade of the twenty-first century, a relevant number of
governmental agencies, institutions and private enterprises spread all over the
world in both industrialised and developing countries invested time and resources
on e-Services. We are now in a position to draw some conclusions about this
preliminary phase. Are such investments effectively useful and appreciated by
citizens? Apart from technology what are the most relevant factors influencing
their success or failure? Governments, institutions and citizens are ready and
willing e-Services? Are e-Services a real tsunami for governmental institutions
andagencies?Arecitizensconcernedaboutprivacyissuesand“cyber”security?
ICTisstimulatingchangesinthewaymostpeopleearntheirincomes,varyingthe
balance between our roles as consumers and producers, changing the way we
educate succeeding generations and train ourselves, changing the fruition of the
world’s cultural heritage,transforming the delivery of health care, altering the way
wegovernourselves,changingthewayweformcommunities,varyingthewaywe
obtainandcommunicateinformation,contributingtobridgesomeculturalorphys-
icalgaps,modifyingpatternsofactivityamongtheelderlyandperhapscontributing
toagreenerworld.
Thisisnotacompletelistofchangesbuthighlightssomeofthemostprominent
andimportanteffectsofICTonoursociety.
Thisbookpresentsaviewofasocietychangingundertheinfluenceofadvanced
informationtechnology.Computershavebeenaroundforabouthalfacentury,and
theirsocialeffectshavebeendescribedundermanyheadings.Thisvolumeprovides
aninsightaboutthemaintechnologicalandhumanissuesandaholisticapproachto
inclusion, security, safety and, last but more important, privacy and freedom of
expression.
Everyone experienced in “ICT-based innovation” knows that “It is not only a
matter of technology”. The main aim of this work is to bridge the gap between
technologicalsolutionsandsuccessfulimplementationandfruitfulutilisationofthe
mainsetofe-Servicestotallyorpartiallycareofgovernments.
v
vi Preface
Differentparametersareactivelyinfluencingthesuccessorfailureofe-Services:
culturalaspects,organisationalissues,bureaucracyandworkflow,infrastructureand
technologyingeneral,users’habits,literacy,capacityormerelyinteractiondesign.
Thisincludeshavingasignificantpopulationofcitizenswillingandabletoadopt
and use online services and developing the managerial and technical capability to
implementapplicationstomeettheneedsofcitizens.Aselectionofsuccessstories
and failures, duly commented on, will help the reader in identifying the right
approachtoinnovationingovernmentale-Services.
The title e-Citizens chosen for this volume is intended to call attention to the
fundamental transformations in social organisation and structure. This is part of a
collection of books “e-Citizens: Being Human in the Digital Age”; the first three
volumesare e-Citizens: Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Citizenry; e-Democ-
racy:TowardaNewModelof(Inter)activeSociety;ande-Services:TowardaNew
Model of (Inter)active Community, all of them published by Springer
International2019.
TargetAudience
Public authorities, decision-makers, stakeholders, solution developers, university
students.
PrerequisiteKnowledgeofAudience
Informedone-Contentande-Services,basicsontechnologyside.
Milano,Italy AlfredoM.Ronchi
Contents
1 BeingHumanintheDigitalAge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 ... 1984Won’tBeLike“1984”?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Netizens,Communities,e-CitizensBeingHumanintheDigitalAge. . . 5
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 ICTasaDriverofChange. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 6
2.3 FromPunchedCardstoPads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 From“Vision”toReality. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. 9
2.5 EvolutionofCommunicationinPills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6 e-Citizens:The“Mobile”Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.7 Re-shapingtheMarket:ThePowerofPlatforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.8 SocialMedia:OpportunitiesandThreats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 Well-BeingintheDigitalAge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2 Well-Being:DefinitionsandIndicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3 e-Government:TheCitizenasaUser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.4 OpenGovernment:TheSearchforthe“HappyCitizen”. . . . . . . 28
3.5 FromDigitalCitiestoSmartCities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.6 IssyLesMoulineaux:ASmartCity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.7 TheEvolutionofSmartCities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.8 Identity,Multiculturalism,andWellbeing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4 SafetyandSecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.2 CyberandSafety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.2.1 HumanFactors:FeelingSafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3 SomeExamplesofAPPsandAffordableDevices. . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.4 SlowOnsetDisasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
vii
viii Contents
4.5 InternetofThings,CCTV,Drones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.5.1 EthicalandMoralAspectsinUAVandArtificial
Intelligence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.6 ACultureofSafetyandSecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.7 Cyber-Security,“Mother”ofICTs&Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.7.1 HackersandCybercriminals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.7.2 CyberWarriors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.7.3 CyberLawsandRegulations. .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 60
4.7.4 MostCommonAttacks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.7.5 ToolsandProcedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.8 DataProtection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.8.1 Steganography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.8.2 Cryptography.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 76
4.8.3 MoreAboutCryptography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.8.4 EncryptionintheInternetEra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.8.5 SecureSocketLayer(SSL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.8.6 Symmetricvs.AsymmetricEncryption. . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.8.7 FutureofEncryption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.9 UserIdentity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.9.1 Credentials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.9.2 OneTimePassword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.9.3 DynamicPasswords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.9.4 Biometrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.10 Twenty-FirstCenturyCyberWarfare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.10.1 WhatDoWeTerm“War”?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.11 CyberRange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.12 InformationandDataStreamManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.13 RiskAssessmentApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.14 FinalRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5 TechnologiesandPrivacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.2 Ownership,Use,AbuseandMisuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.3 OwningInformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.4 DataandOwnership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.5 CyberspaceisreallyaBlackHole?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.6 Internet“Prosumers”Initiative:MyDataBelongstoMe. . . . . . . 113
5.7 LawsandRegulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.8 EUDataProtectionDirectiveandPersonalDataRe-use. . . . . . . 115
5.9 ResponsibilitiesinDataRe-use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.10 TheRoleofPrivacyandRiskRelatedtoBreaches. . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.11 RiskAssessment:Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Contents ix
5.12 AspectsConnectedtoSecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.13 OpenSourceIntelligence(OSINT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 122
5.14 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6 InteractionDesignEssentials. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 125
6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.2 Man-ComputerInteraction. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 126
6.3 InteractionDesignEssentials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.4 TheAimofInteractionDesign. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 130
6.5 InformationTransmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.6 Accessibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 134
6.7 Usability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.8 SoftwareGuidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.8.1 IconicDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.8.2 ErrorHandlingPractice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.8.3 ErrorMessageDesignPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.8.4 ColourDesignGuidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.8.5 WesternColourConventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.8.6 RespondingTable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.8.7 IconCheckList. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.9 ThirteenPrinciplesofDisplayDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.9.1 PerceptualPrinciples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.9.2 MentalModelPrinciples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.9.3 PrinciplesBasedonAttention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.9.4 MemoryPrinciples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.9.5 UserInterfaceDesignPrinciples . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 144
6.10 Designingfor“Seniors”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.10.1 SoftwareInteractionDesignforSeniors. . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.10.2 HardwareInterface:Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.10.3 SmartPhones,Tabletsand“Seniors”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.10.4 ATypicalApproachforSeniors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.11 Let’sRecapUsersRequirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.12 That’sLifeDearProduct!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7 InternetGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7.2 Networking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7.3 The“Power”oftheInternet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.4 WhoisrulingtheInternet?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.5 InternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers. . . . . . . . 166
7.5.1 ICANN:MainPrinciples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
x Contents
7.6 WhatistheInternetGovernanceForum(IGF)?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.6.1 IGFMandate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.6.2 TheMulti-stakeholderAdvisoryGroup(MAG). . . . . . . 175
7.7 InternetGovernance:EuropeanCommissionInitiative. . . . . . . . . 181
7.8 GlobalizationoftheInternetGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.9 TheRoleofPublicGovernanceAuthorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.9.1 Vision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.10 SideEffectsDuetoDigitalEconomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.10.1 InternetTax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.11 InternetGovernanceinRussia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.12 InternetGovernanceinChina:CyberSovereignty. . . . . . . . . . . . 187
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193