Table Of Contentm
o tech facts at your fingertips
c
.
z
d CONTENTS INCLUDE:
r
a
c n Getting to Know HTTP Ajax
f Getting Started with
e n Tips for Using XHR
r
n Ajax and Architecture
!
E n Ajax Toolkits
E
R n Ajax User Interfaces By Dave Crane
F n Hot Tips and more...
r
o
f
w gETTINg STarTED gETTINg TO KNOw HTTP
o
N
The standard way to do Ajax is to use the XMLHttpRequest object, To make use of the XHR to its fullest, we recommend you
e
b known as XHR by its friends. Use XHR directly, or via one of the become familiar with the workings of the HTTP protocol. Using
ri helpful Ajax libraries such as Prototype or jQuery. How do we use Ajax, you have much more control over HTTP than with classic
c
s XHR “by hand”? To start with, we need to get a reference to it: web app development.
b
u if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {
S xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); request
} else if (window.ActiveXObject) {
} xhr = new ActiveXObject(“Microsoft.XMLHTTP”); headers
We can then open a connection to a URL:
xhr.open( browser body
“GET”,
“my-dynamic-content.jsp?id=”
+encodeURI(myId), server
true
);
m Specify a callback function to receive the response: headers
body
o
c xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){ response
. processReqChange(req);
e }
n HTTP is a stateless request-response protocol.
o and then send the request:
dz xhr.send(null); n Both request and response contain headers and an optional
w. The server may be busy, or the network may be slow. We don’t want body, which is free text.
w to sit around doing nothing until the response arrives, and because n Only a POST request contains a body.
w we’ve assigned the callback function, we don’t have to. That’s the
five-minute guide for the impatient. For those who like to know n A request defines a verb or method.
the details, we’ve listed the fuller details of the XHR object below. n The Mime type of request and response can be set by the
header Content-type
Method Name Parameters and Descriptions
open(method, url, async) open a connection to a URL
method = HTTP verb (GET, POST, etc.) Hot Not all Microsoft browsers rely on ActiveX.
uasrly =nc u =rl wtoh eotpheenr, tmo amya iknec luasdyen cqhureornyosturisn rgequest Tip IE7 provides a native JavaScript XHR, so we
check for that first.
onreadystatechange assign a function object as callback (similar to onclick,
x
onload, etc. in browser event model)
a
j setRequestHeader add a header to the HTTP request
A (namevalue)
Get More Refcardz
send(body) send the request
h body = string to be used as request body (They’re free!)
t
i abort() stop the XHR from listening for the response
w n Authoritative content
readyState stage in lifecycle of response (only populated after send()
d is called) n Designed for developers
e httpStatus The HTTP return code (integer, only populated after n Written by top experts
rt response reaches the loaded state) n Latest tools & technologies
a responseText body of response as a JavaScript string (only set after n Hot tips & examples
t response reaches the interactive readyState)
S n Bonus content online
responseXML body of the response as a XML document object (only
g set after response reaches the interactive readyState) n New issue every 1-2 weeks
n
getResponseHeader read a response header by name Subscribe Now for FREE!
i (name)
t
t Refcardz.com
e getAllResponseHeaders() Get an array of all response header names
G
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Getting Started with Ajax
tech facts at your fingertips
Common HTTP Verbs Handling the Response
99% of the time, you’ll only need GET and POST. Many other We’ve assigned a callback handler function to our XHR object.
verbs are used by WebDAV, Subversion over HTTP, and other This function will get called several times as the response comes
niche applications, but not all web servers will understand them. in. Typically, we only want to parse the response once it has fully
arrived, i.e. the readyState is complete.
Verb Notes
GET Strictly speaking, should be used only to fetch data, not to effect xhr.onreadystatechange=function(){
changes on the server. GET requests contain no body. Parameters are if (xhr.readyState==4){
passed in the querystring of the URL. if (xhr.status==200){
POST Should be used to update data on the server. Parameters/data passed parseResponse(xhr);
in the body. }else{
//handle the HTTP error...
HEAD Will fetch the headers of the response only, not the body. Useful for
finding out how large a resource is (read the Content-length header) }
or how old it is (read the Last-modified header), for example. };
};
If you’re using the increasingly popular REST approach to web
XHR ReadyState Values
services, the HTTP verb is used to indicate the type of operation
being performed. The most commonly used HTTP verbs in REST
State Value Comments
map onto the CRUD (create, read, update, delete) approach:
0 Uninitialized The request hasn’t yet been sent
HTTP Verb CRUD Notes 1 Loading The response hasn’t yet arrived
operation
2 Loaded Response headers can be read
PUT Create Add a new object instance to the domain model.
3 Interactive Response body is incomplete, but can be read
GET Read Get an existing domain object from the server.
4 Complete Response body is complete
POST Update Modify an existing domain object.
DELETE Delete Remove an existing object from the domain model. So, what might the parseResponse() method look like? We have
a lot of freedom in the types of response we send. Let’s look at
Common Mime Types some of the common ones.
Setting the right mime type for your request and response is
good manners—it’s also vital to get the app to behave correctly! Handling a HTML Response
The server can send pre-assembled HTML content, which we
Mime Type Meaning Usage just stitch into the web page.
application/x-www- Body is an encoded Sending request from HTML
form-urlencoded querystring of form or Ajax. Required in order <table class=’item selected’> function parseResponse(xhr){
key-value pairs for server to decode parameters <tr> var div=document
into $_GET, servlet parameters, or <td rowspan=’3’ valign=’top’><div .getElementById(“myDiv”);
HttpRequest.Form. class=’itemIcon’><img div.innerHTML=xhr.responseText;
src=’../images/kmoon.png’></div></td> }
text/xml, Body is an XML Can be used anywhere – request <td class=’itemTitle’>The Moon on a
application/xml document or response. Must set response to Stick</td>
one of these in order to use XHR. </tr>
responseXML property. <tr>
<td valign=’top’>What every project
text/plain Body is plain manager wants - and they want it
unformatted text yesterday!<br/><br/><i>NB: Stick not
included.</i></td>
text/html, text/xhtml Body is (X)HTML Standard web pages sent from </tr>
<tr>
content server, or content fragments sent to
<td><div class=’price’>$365.00</div></td>
Ajax apps.
</tr>
</tr>
text/javascript Body is a piece of Standard .js files, JavaScript
</table>
JavaScript code fragments sent to Ajax apps.
image/png, image/ Body is a binary Images sent by server.
jpeg, image/gif image Handling a JSON Response
JSON is a simple text-markup that’s extremely easy for JavaScript
to digest! It doesn’t come so naturally to server-side languages,
TIPS FOr USINg XHr
but there are JSON libraries for most servers these days—see
http://www.json.org. Most Ajax libraries now provide support
n Always set async to true when calling open(). Synchronous Ajax
for JSON.
requests block the browser UI, giving the stop-start behaviour
we were trying to get away from in the first place!
{ function parseResponse(xhr){
imgSrc: “kmoon.png”, var jsonObj=eval(
n XHR can be fussy about order of setting-up. Always set the title: “The Moon on a Stick”, “(“
callback handler before calling send() description: “What every proj- +xhr.responseText
ect manager wants - and they want it +”)”
n To send HTML-form like data yesterday!<br/><br/><i>NB: Stick not );
included.</i>”, setImgSrc(jsonObj.imgSrc);
n Use encodeURI() to encode all data values price: “365.00” setTitle(jsonObj.title);
} }
n Set the mime-type of the request to application/x-www-
→
form-urlencoded
n Set the response mime type to application/xml or text/xml if
you want to use the responseXML property
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Getting Started with Ajax
tech facts at your fingertips
TIPS FOr USINg XHr, continued aJaX aND arCHITECTUrE
Handling an XML Response Does Ajax only affect the client-side? Certainly not! Particularly
XML is a more natural fit for most server technologies. XHR sup- if your server is responding with data rather than HTML frag-
ports XML by giving us the responseXML property, but parsing ments, you’ll want to refactor to some extent.
this using the DOM is hard work.
dumb client thin client thick client
<item imgSrc=”kmoon.png” function parseResponse(xhr){
price=”365.00”> var xmlDoc=xhr.responseXML; browser browser browser
<title>The Moon on a var item=xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName
Stick</title> (‘item’)[0]; display display display
<description><![CDATA[What var imgSrc=item.getAttribute presentation presentation
every project manager wants - (‘imgSrc’);
and they want it var title=item.getElementsByTagName business objects
yesterday!<br/><br/><i>NB: Stick (‘title’)[0]
data transfer
not .firstChild.data;
included.</i>]]></description> setImgSrc(imgSrc);
</item> setTitle(title);
} presentation presentation data transfer
business objects business objects business objects
Some browsers also support XPath as a more pleasant way to
parse XML. Sarissa and mozXPath.js both provide cross-browser
XPath support.
persistence persistence persistence
<item imgSrc=”kmoon.png” function parseResponse(xhr){
price=”365.00”> var xmlDoc=xhr.responseXML; web server web server web server
<title>The Moon on a var imgSrc=xmlDoc.selectSingleNode
Stick</title> (‘/item/@imgSrc’).value;
<description><![CDATA[What var title=xmlDoc.selectSingleNode database server database server database server
every project manager wants - (‘/item/title/text()’).value;
and they want it setImgSrc(imgSrc);
yesterday!<br/><br/><i>NB: Stick setTitle(title);
Dumb client and thick client above are extremes. In between,
not }
included.</i>]]></description> there is a thinner (but still intelligent) client, that will suffice in
</item>
many cases. No single model is right for all cases. Try out these
rules of thumb:
Handling a Javascript Response
Another approach to Ajax is to generate scripts on the server, n To add small Ajax features to an existing app, stick with the thin
and send them to the client to be evaluated. Care should be client approach. Thick client is for complex, line-of-business
taken here to define a suitably high-level API on the client app replacements.
against which the generated script is to run, otherwise tight
n Your client-side code is visible, and runs on somebody else’s
coupling between server and client code can result.
machine. Don’t expose details of your business tier. Keep it
coarse-grained.
setImgSrc(“kmoon.png”); function parseResponse(xhr){
setTitle( eval(xhr.responseText);
“The Moon on a Stick” } n Some functionality MUST be kept on the server, such as data
); validation. Simple, fast validation on the client is an addition,
not a replacement!
Handling Mixed Responses
n Treat your client-side code well. Use the patterns and practises
Some Javascript libraries allow mixing of these dialects of
that you would use on the server to keep your code clean and
Ajax within a single response. The Prototype Ajax.Updater, for
maintainable.
example, can accept a response as HTML, into which <script>
tags are embedded. The script will be extracted and evalu- n Most projects have a legacy system behind them. How can you
ated, while the rest of the content is embedded into a target introduce Ajax with minimal disruption? Does it speak XML, or
DOM element. generate HTML from components? Can you re-use that?
aJaX TOOLKITS continued on next page...
Toolkits and frameworks will make your life easier in Client-side versus Server-side
several ways: Some toolkits are JavaScript-only, others include a back-end
n Providing tried-and-tested solutions to common system too. Client-side toolkits will give more flexibility, but may
problems require more work on the server-side too.
n Abstracting away cross-browser incompatibilities and High-level versus Low-level
annoyances JavaScript is a flexible language, and some toolkits are geared
n Providing higher level abstractions such as ready-made towards enhancing the language itself in a variety of ways. Oth-
UI widgets and networking stacks ers are more concerned with higher-level issues such as simplify-
However, it’s a jungle out there, with many different types of ing XHR, or providing drop-in widgets such as trees, tables and
toolkits on the market. Let’s divide them into broad families. drag-and-drop.
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4
Getting Started with Ajax
tech facts at your fingertips
Some popular Ajax Toolkits Loading HTML Content into a DOM Node
Name Client/ High/ Comments Prototype jQuery
Server Low-level
new Ajax.Updater( $(“#myDomNode”).load(
Prototype Client Low Remodels and extends $(“myDomNode”), “my-dynamic-content.jsp”,
(http://prototypejs.org) JavaScript following the Ruby “my-dynamic-content.jsp”, { id: myId }
scripting language. Many { method: “post”, );
features for arrays, functions, params: { id: myId }
}
XHR, DOM and forms.
);
Scriptaculous Client High Special effects, drag and
(http://script.aculo.us) drop, and widgets built on n No need to provide a callback function at all
top of prototype.
Working wth JSON Responses
dojo Client Low-high Comprehensive set of
(http://dojotoolkit.org) libraries covering everything Prototype jQuery
from packaging & language
features through Ajax to UI new Ajax.Request( $.getJSON(
widgets. “my-dynamic-content.jsp”, “my-dynamic-content.jsp?id=”+myId,
{ method: “post”, function(json){
Yahoo User Interface (YUI) Client Low-high Another comprehensive set params: { id: myId }, alert(json.someProperty);
(http://developer.yahoo.com/ of libraries covering many onComplete: }
yui/) aspects of Ajax development. function(response,json){ );
alert(json.someProperty);
Ext Client High Widget-based set of user }
(http://extjs.com) interface components with }
Ajax support. );
sarissa Client Low Rich library for working n JSON response returned to our callback already parsed
(http://sarissa.sf.net) with XML, providing cross-
browser XPath and XSLT.
gENEraL JavaSCrIPT PrOgrammINg TIPS
Mochikit Client Low-high General-purpose Ajax and
(http://mochikit.com) DHTML library, inspired by
Python. JavaScript is a loosely-typed scripting language with support for
object-oriented and functional programming styles. Although it
jQuery Client Low Small, concise Ajax and
(http://jquery.com) DOM helper library. looks like Java and C-family languages, it’s quite different under
MooTools Client Low-high Modular library covering the hood. Here are a few survival tips to get you through your first
(http://mootools.net) everything from core serious encounter with this language:
classes to special effects. A
promising newcomer. n Objects can be extended at runtime with new properties.
Think of Javascript objects as associative arrays.
Ruby on Rails Server Low-high Primarily a server-side toolkit,
(http://www.rubyonrails.org) bfourt A hjaasx ,fi urssti-nrgat Per soutoptpyopret n Functions are first-class objects, and can be passed as
and Scriptaculous. Allows arguments into other functions (see the numerous callback
large parts of the client tier functions earlier).
to be written on the server,
in Ruby. n JavaScript functions support closures. That is, variables that
GWT Client High Java framework that allows are in scope when a function is defined can still be referenced
(http://code.google.com/ Ajax client tier to be written inside the function, even if it is invoked later.
webtoolkit) in Java.
JSF Server High Various JSF vendors have
aJaX USEr INTErFaCES
(various vendors) Ajax-enabled some of their
components, again allowing
some Ajax functionality
Before Ajax, the UI was nearly always delivered as declarative
without hand-writing
JavaScript. HTML, and the Document Object Model, or DOM, was only used
in moderation. With Ajax—especially single-page applications—
We haven’t time to show you how to make Ajax calls with all of the DOM can play a much bigger role.
these toolkits, but let’s pick two of the most popular: Prototype
Working with the DOM is a two-stage process:
and jQuery.
n Finding the elements we want to work with
The Basics : Making an Ajax request n Modifying their contents or reorganizing them
Prototype jQuery Finding DOM Elements
The DOM standard itself gives us a few basic tools to work with.
new Ajax.Request( $.post(
“my-dynamic-content.jsp”, “my-dynamic-content.jsp”, Enterprising JavaScript library developers have built on top of
{ mpeatrhaomds:: “{p oisdt:” ,myId }, {f uindc:t imoynI(dx h}r,){ these to provide a much richer set of functionality.
onComplete: function(response){
parseResponse(xhr);
parseResponse(response); } Function arguments returns notes
}
} ); document. string DOM find single element on
); getElementById() Element page. Id attribute must be
unique in page
n No need to create your own XHR object
document. string collection find all elements on page
n Use high-level, meaningful callbacks rather than getElementsByTagName() of DOM of a particular HTML tag
onreadystatechange elements type e.g. H1, IMG, LI. Use
element.
as a method of element
n Sensible defaults provided for all the options you don’t want getElementsByTagName() to search a subtree of the
to specify yourself document
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5
Getting Started with Ajax
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Finding DOM Elements, continued Modifying the DOM
Again, the DOM standard gives us a basic set of tools to work with,
Function arguments returns notes
and browser vendors have effectively standardized a few more.
element.childNodes none collection find node’s immediate
of DOM children
Function arguments returns notes
elements
element.parentNode none DOM find node’s immediate document. string (tag DOM create new content slowly and
Element parent createElement() name) Element painfully!
element.nextSibling none DOM allow
element.previousSibling Element traversal of sibling nodes document. string DOM text
createTextNode() (content of node
The id attribute is often too specific—adding one to each element we node)
may need to locate becomes tedious, and clutters the markup. Tag
element. n/a n/a use the browser’s built-in HTML
names, on the other hand, are not specific enough to be useful in innerHTML parser to shortcut the creation
many cases. The most common solution is to use CSS classes to lo- of new content
cate elements. We can make these as specific or general as we need. element. DOM null add a DOM node as child of
appendChild() element another node
Finding DOM elements using Prototype
element. DOM null remove a child DOM node from
removeChild() element the parent
Function arguments returns notes
element. DOM null add a DOM node in relation to
$() string, DOM powerful and
insertBefore() element other siblings, not just at the end
many element, concise superset of
strings, or or array of getElementById()
elements elements Modifying the DOM with Prototype
document. string (a array of version 1.5+ Prototype favors the use of innerHTML to modify the DOM. It
getElementsByClassName() CSS class) DOM simple analogue to enhances this with the Insertion namespace, and, more recently,
element. elements getElementsByTagName()
an insert method on the DOM element class itself.
getElementsByClassName()
$$() string array of version 1.5+
Function arguments notes
(selector DOM accepts CSS selector
rule) elements rules, and xpath queries
Insertion.Top DOM element, version 1.5: Object that inserts
element.select() string array of version 1.6 Insertion.Bottom string (HTML content) HTML content into element
(selector DOM analogue to $$(), Insertion.Before alongside existing content.
rule) elements syntactically neater Insertion.After
element.up() selector DOM powerful positional Element.update() string (HTML content) version 1.6: overwrites content in
element.down() rules, Element navigation methods, element
counts that can work with
element.next()
(both selectors Element.insert() HTML content or hash version 1.6: Can insert a single
element.previous() optional) of content piece of content, or multiple
pieces in one go
Examples
$(“myList”) selects the element with id=myList Element.remove() none all versions: removes the calling
element (and its children) from
.select(“li.new”) selects all DOM elements of type the page
<LI> with CSS class new within
Prototype provides no support for building DOM elements
subtree beneath myList
$(“widget”) selects element with id=”widget” programmatically, but the Scriptaculous library adds a DOMBuilder
.down(“img div.handle”,2) internally returns list of all <IMG> object to the mix.
tags that are children of a DIV with
Modifying the DOM with jQuery
CSS class handle, and returns the
second one jQuery is based around selecting sets of DOM elements, and it
provides methods for manipulating sets of DOM elements in bulk.
Finding DOM elements using jQuery
(These can be used on sets of one element too!) The methods here
Function arguments returns notes all operate on a set of DOM nodes returned from a selector.
$() string jQuery although only one method is listed here,
(selector object jQuery is exceptionally powerful in this Function arguments notes
rule) wrapping regard. The selector rules encompass CSS3,
$.html() string (HTML simple wrapper around innerHTML, will
array of xpath (optional) and a range of custom content) duplicate content for each element in the set
elements selectors too!
$.append() string (HTML insert content into node(s) alongside existing
Examples $.prepend() content) content
$(“div”) select all nodes by tag type $.before()
$.after()
$(“#myList”) select by unique id
$.appendTo() string argument is the target element or elements,
$(“ul#myList li.new”) complex CSS selector
$.prependTo() (selector rule) to which the current node will be moved to. If
$.insertBefore() or DOM multiple targets are present, the nodes being
$.insertAfter() element appended will be copied to each one
DOM elements can be assigned to multiple CSS classes. $.remove() none remove all elements in set from the page
Hot
When finding elements using a selector mechanism, you
Tip $.empty() none empty all elements in the set of their content
may use the same CSS classes that determine the look of
$.wrap() string (HTML) or wrap each element in set individually with a
your page, or you may assign separate marker classes, DOM element copy of the content provided in argument
i.e. CSS classes that have no visual effect on the page. $.wrapAll() string (HTML) or wrap all elements in the set as a single unit with
DOM element the content provided in argument
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6
Getting Started with Ajax
tech facts at your fingertips
FireBug FF www.getfirebug.com Swiss army knife for developers,
wIDgETS vS. BEHavIOrS
incorporating DOM & CSS
inspector, interactive debugger,
network monitor and profiler.
Both jQuery and Prototype (and its sister Scriptaculous) tend
Web IE searchmicrosoft.com Closest thing to Firebug for IE,
towards a style of UI called Unobtrusive Javascript, in which the Developers minus the debugger.
Toolkit
content of the page is declared as HTML, and subsequently made
interactive. Selectors play an important role in this approach, in Script IE searchmicrosoft.com Free Javascript debugger for
Debugger IE, (also check out Visual Studio
locating the elements to which to add behavior. There is an alterna- express’ debugger).
tive approach to developing Ajax UIs, much more akin to desktop Fiddler IE/any www.fiddlertool.com Powerful network monitor with
application development, in which the DOM elements are created programmable interface for
modifying requests in many
programmatically by javascript components, which the designer ways. Tight integration with IE,
but can work with any browser.
then wires together using layouts and containers. Qooxdoo and
LiveHTTP FF livehttpheaders.mozdev.org Network monitor extension for
Ext2 are both examples of this style of UI development. Headers Firefox.
JSUnit any www.jsunit.net The original unit testing
framework for Javascript.
TOOLS OF THE TraDE
Selenium FF/any www.openqa.org Powerful unit testing tool for
Javascript, featuring interactive
In an ideal world, choosing the right framework makes develop- test recorder IDE (Firefox only)
and browser automation tool
ment a breeze, but in practice, you’ll need to go under the hood
(most browsers).
from time to time to figure out what’s going on. We recommend
YSlow FF developer.yahoo.com/yslow Comprehensive performance
the following tools to keep your Ajax development on track. analysis for web pages, runs as
a plugin to Firebug!
aBOUT THE aUTHOr rECOmmENDED BOOK
Dave Crane Ajax in Action explains how
to distribute the application
Dave Crane has over ten years experience in the IT industry, working with J2EE,
between the client and the
PHP, Ajax, and a variety of scripting languages in industries including home
server (hint: use a “nested MVC”
entertainment, banking, simulation modelling and global supply chains. He
design) while retaining the
currently works as Developer/Architect for Historic Futures Ltd., and runs Ajax
integrity of the system. You will
training courses in the UK and overseas with Skillsmatter Ltd. He is well-known
learn how to ensure your app is
as the author of Manning’s Ajax in Action, Prototype & Scriptaculous in Action
flexible and maintainable,
and Ajax in Practice.
and how good, structured design can help avoid
Publications problems like browser incompatibilities.
n Ajax in Action
n Prototype & Scriptaculous in Action BUY NOw
n Ajax in Practice books.dzone.com/books/ajax-in-action
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