Dynastic Lycia. A Political History of the Lycians and their Relations with Foreign Powers, c. 545-362 B.C.

288 Pages·1998·29.436 MB·English

by  Keen, Antony G.

DYNASTIC LYCIA
MNEMOSYNE
BIBLIOTHECA CLASSICA BATAVA
COLLEGERUNT
J.M. BREMER· L.F.JANSSEN • H. PINKSTER
H. W. PLEKET • C.J. RUIJGH • P.H. SCHRIJVERS
BIBLIOTHECAE FASCICULOS EDENDOS CURA VIT
C.J. RUIJGH, KLASSIEK SEMINARIUM, OUDE TURFMARKT 129, AMSTERDAM
SUPPLEMENTUM CENTESIMUM SEPTUAGESIMUM OCTAV UM
ANTONY G. KEEN
DYNASTIC LYCIA
DYNASTIC LYCIA
A POLlTICAL HISTORY OF THE LYCIANS AND
THEIR RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN POWERS
C. 545-362 B.C.
BY
ANTONY G. KEEN
BRILL
LEIDEN · BOSTON · KOLN
1998
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Keen, Antony G.
Dynastic Lycia : a political history of the Lydans and their
relations with foreign powers, C. 545-362 B.C. I by Antony G. Keen.
p. cm. - (Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava.
Supplementum, ISSN 0 169-8958 ; 178)
Based on the author's thesis (Ph. D.-University of Manchester,
1992).
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 9004109560 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Lyda-Politics and government. 2. Lyda-Foreign relations.
I. Title. II. Series.
DSl56.L8K44 1998
939'.28-dc21 97-50505
CIP
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufuahme
[Mnemosyne / Supplementum]
Mnemosyne : bibliotheca classica Batava. Supplementum. - Leiden ;
Boston ; Koln : Brill
Friiher Schriftenreihe
Reihe Supplementum zu: Mnemosyne
178. Keen, Antony G.: Dynastic Lyda. -I 998
Keen, Antony G.:
Dynastic Lyda : a political history of the Lycians and their relations
with foreign powers, C. 545 - 362 B.C. I by Antony G. Keen. -
Leiden ; Boston ; Koln : Brill, 1998
(Mnemosyne : Supplementum ; I 78)
ISBN 90-04-10956--0
ISSN 0 169-8958
ISBN 90 04 10956 0
© Copyright 1998 by Koninklijke Brill N. V., uiden, 1he Netherlmuls
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PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
A Note on Transliteration and Nomenclature xi
Map, xii
I. Introduction and Sources 1
II. The Lycian People and their Environment 13
III. Lycian Political Structures and the
Lycian 'Kings' and 'Nobility' 34
IV. Iranization and Hellenization 61
V. Lycia 545-522: the Persian Conquest
and the Xanthian Dynasty 71
VI. The Lycians under Darius and Xerxes 87
VII. Lycia' s Entry into the Delian League 97
VIII. The Reign ofKuprlli 112
IX. Athenian Attempts to Regain Lycia in the
Archidamian War 125
X. Lycian Relations with Tissaphemes, and
the Last Xanthian Dynasts 136
XI. Perikle of Limyra 148
XII. The End of the Dynastic System of Rule in Lycia,
and the Beginning of Carian Domination 171
XIII. Envoi: Lycia after the Achaemenids 175
Appendices:
I. Lycian Tombs 182
II. Lycian Cults 193
III. Lycia and the Lukka Lands 214
IV. Family Tree of the Xanthian Dynasty 221
V. The Date of the Persian Invasion of Lycia 222
VI. The Location of Phoinike 225
VII. Lycian Troops and their Equipment 228
VIII. Phaselis 233
IX. FGrH Numbers Of Fragmentary Historians Cited 236
Bibliography 237
Index 262

PREFACE
The current work is the first book-length study in English of the history of
Lycia in the Achaemenid Persian (or 'epichoric'/'Dynastic') period, the
time of its most famous monuments. Though a number of treatments of
the political history have appeared in recent years (~it 1967: 112-21;
Bean 1978: 24-25; Childs 1981: 58-78; Bryce 1986: 99-114; Frei 1990a:
9-11; Kolb, Kupke 1992: 11-20; Bryce 1995: 1162-64), these have usually
been either part of works dealing with a much broader span, or the work of
scholars whose primary interests do not lie in the field of political history
and have included such material in order to provide a context for the main
focus of their work (be it archaeological, art-historical or linguistic); as a
result, none of these studies have been particularly extensive; the last truly
extensive treatment of the period remains that in Treuber' s Geschichte der
Lykier (1887). The current work intends to rectify this, by drawing to
gether all available evidence (literary, archaeological, epigraphic and nu
mismatic), and examining it in much more thorough detail than has been
previously attempted.
The first four synchronic chapters deal with general aspects of the Ly
cian political set-up. The remaining nine chapters take the reader through
a detailed examination of the history. This provides a historical frame
work into which new data can be accommodated, and moves towards as
definitive a political history of Lycia in the Achaemenid period as the
paucity of the sources allows one to create. At the same time Lycia is
placed in its correct context in relation to the other states of the ancient
world; because of the Lycians' strategically-important location between the
Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean, major reassessments are provided
for understanding the interaction of Persia and the Greek world.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This volume is based upon my Ph.D. thesis, submitted to the University of
Manchester in 1992. Many scholars have given freely of their time and
energy to discuss matters arising from my research and to grant me practi
cal assistance in its pursuit, sadly more than I have space to mention here;
my apologies to those I have omitted.
The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara provided me with funds
to make two journeys to Lycia, and Prof. Dr C. Bayburtluoglu, Prof. Dr J.
Borchhardt, Prof. Dr F. Kolb, Prof. C. Le Roy and Dr C. Pulak and their
teams provided me with the hospitality at their archaeological excavations;
Prof. Borchhardt also kindly invited me to deliver a paper at the II.
Intemationales Lykien-Symposion in Vienna in May 1990. Prof. Trevor
Bryce has been a source of encouragement, and kindly allowed me to quote
from his own unpublished doctoral thesis. I am grateful to the editor of
Anatolian Studies, the Osterreichishen Akademie fiir Wissenschaft and the
Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies for permission to reprint in
revised form the material originally published as Keen 1992, 1993a and
1993b. A particular debt is also owed to my examiners, Dr Christopher
Tuplin and Prof. David Whitehead, the latter of whom has subsequently
allowed me to pursue matters Lycian on behalf of the Copenhagen Polis
Centre; the indulgence in this matter of the Director of the Centre, Prof.
Mogens Herman Hansen, is also gratefully acknowledged. My former tu
tor at Edinburgh, Geoffrey Lewis, set me on the road that led eventually to
Lycia. Dr Tony Taylor and Anthony Kirby proofread portions of the
manuscript. Thanks are also due to the many staff at E.J. Brill for their
continued interest and patience over the years.
The largest debt is owed to my friend and supervisor, Dr Steven Hod
kinson, who has been constantly helpful and supportive during my years of
research, and made a great number of helpful suggestions and corrections
for the text.
I have also made use of two valuable tools in this work, so often that it
would be otiose to cite them at every instance; these are the "Registers of
Literary References to Lycia" in Bryce's work (1986: 216-53), and Karte
15.2 of the TAVO prepared by Mag. K. Buschmann.
Belfast/Manchester
1997 Antony Keen