Table Of ContentDEVELOPMENTISN E ARTHA ND PLANETARYS CIENCES
Editor:
T. RIKITAK(ET okyIo nstitouftT ee chnology)
EditoriBaola rd:
S.A KASOF(UU niversoiftA yl aska)
S.A KIMOTO( UniversoiftT yo kyo)
N. FUKUSHIM(AU niversoiftT yo kyo)
Y.H AGIWAR(AU niversoiftT yo kyo)
H. KANAMORI(C aliforInnisat itouftT ee chnology)
S.K ATO( KyotUon iversity)
C. KISSLING(EURn iversoiftC yo lorado)
A.M ASUDA( UniversoiftK yo be)
A.N ISHID(AU niversoiftT yo kyo)
M. OzIMA( UniversoiftT yo kyo)
R. SATO( UniversoiftT yo kyo)
S.U YEDA( UniversoiftT yo kyo)
I.Y OKOYAMA( HokkaiUdnoi versity)
DYNAMICS
OF THE
UPPER
ATMOSPHERE
SusumKua to
DevelopmiennE tasr tahn dPl anetSacriye nces
01
Centerf oArc ademPiucb licatJiaopnasTn o/k yo
D.R eidPuebll ishiCnogm panyD oIr dre·cBhots toLno·n don
Libraroyf C ongresCsa talogiinnPg u blicatDiaotna
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PrinteidnJ apan
PREFACE
Studierse latetdo thee artha nd planetasl ongw itht heisru rround
ingsa reo f greacto ncerfno rm oderns cientisGtlso.b agle odynamiacss
represenbtye tdh ep lattee ctonhiacssn ow becomeo neo ft hem ostp ow
erfutlo olbsy whichw e cans tudyt hec auseosf e arthquakveosl,c anic
eruptiomnosu,n taifno rmatiaonnd t hel ikeV.a rioumsi ssionsse nto ut
to thes pacem,a nnedo ru nmanned, broouugth.g te oscienfteiafitcu roefs
them oon,M ars,V enusa nd otherp lanetEsa.r thquakpree diction that
wast heb usineosfs astrolaongdef rosr tune-teslolmeert sw entyye arasg o,
hasn ow grownu p tob e an importasncti encAe .n umbero fd estructive
earthquawkeerse s uccessffuolrleyc aisntt heP eopleR'esp ubliocfC hina.
Int hel ighotf t hea bove-mentioannedd o thera ccomplishmeinnt s
geosciencwees f,e etlh ati ti sa goodt hintgo p ublisah s erioefsm ono
graphwsh ichr evieswe lectteodp icosf e artahn dp lanetasrcyi enceWse.
areo f courswee lla wareo ft hef actth ats imilmaorn ographhsa veb een
andw ilble p ublishferdo mo versepausb lisherTsh.e series, wwhei ch
planto p ubliswhi,l tlh erefopruets treosns Japanewseo rk.B utw e hope
thatt hes eriweisl all sion cludree vieawr ticblye sd istinguisohveedr seas
authors.
The seriewsh,i chi sn amedt he" DevelopmenitnsE artha nd Plane
tarSyc iencewsi"l ble publishbeyd t heC entefro rA cademiPcu blications
Japana ndt heD . ReidePlu blishiCnogm pany.I ti sm y greaptl easutroe
worka st heE ditoorft hes erieIs .s houlldi kteo h avec ommentosn what
subjecwtes shalclh oosien thef uturpeu blicatioIn ssh.a lble g reatly
obligiefda nyonweo ulds uggessuti tabslueb jecatnsd p otentaiuatlh orfso r
thes eriteosm e.
TsunejRii kitake
Editor
PREFACET O VOLUME 1
Thisb ooki sa mathematicoarlileyn tiendt roducttioo tnh ed ynamicosf
thee arthu'psp erat mosphewriet,hs pecieamlp hasoins a coustic-garnadv ity
tidawla vesa ndt heiiro nospheerffiecc tsT.h e basiecq uatiognosv erning
atmosphemroitci onasn dt hee quilibrsituamto ef t hea tmosphearreep re
senteidnC hapte1r. InC hapte2r t hep erturbaetqiuoant iaobnosu tth eb asic
stataer ee xaminfoerd ani sotherpmlaalna et mospherTeh.e disperseiqouna
tiorne latiwnagv ef requenacnyd h orizonatnadlv ertiwcaavle lengitsht sh en
examineidnd etatiold etermitnheep ropagatcihoanr acteroifst thiewc asv es.
Severeaxla mploefst hee xcitatoifto hne swea vebsy simplseo urcaerse t hen
considerFeidn.a ltlhye i onosphepreirct urbatdiuoent so t hesaet mospheric
wavesw ilble considerCehda.p te3r i sd evotetdot hed evelopmeonft t he
theoroyfa tmosphetriidce is.,eg .l oboaslc illaotnia o nnosn -isothermal spheri
cala tmosphewriet hp eriowdhsi cha rea ni ntegfrraalc tioofan d ay.C lassi
calt idatlh eorwyi lble presentiendc onsidermaabtlhee matidceatla idlu,e
botht oi tcso ntinurienlge vatnocdea ayn di tvsa luaes a mathematitcraali ning
for studentIsn.a dditiroenc,e ndte velopmeinntt si datlh eorayn do bserva
4
tionwsi lble p resenteCdh.a pteri sa brieifn troducttoit ohnee lectrodynam
icosf t hei onospheBraes.i pcl asmcao ncepatrsei ntroducweidt,ah n e mphasis
on anisotroepliecc trciocnadlu ctivaintdii eosn osphecruircr entCsh.a pte5r
ist hend evotetdoa thoroudgihs cussoifto hne d ynamot heorwyh,i cehx plains
quietti mem agnetpiecr turbataisot nhser esulotfsc urreflnotw si nt hei ono
spherder ivebny tidawli nds.
Thea uthofre eltsh amtu cho ft hep rogretshsa hta sb eenm adei nu nder
standitnhged ynamiocfst heu ppeart mospheirnte h el asttw od ecadiesst he
direcrte sulotf thretee chnologiincnaolv atiornosck;e atnsd thes atellites
theyl aunchc,o mputerasn,d high-powerreadd arsS.p acev ehiclheasv e
madei tp ossibtloem akei n-simteua suremenitnts h eu ppera rmosphere.
Computehrasv em adep ossibtlheec onstrucotfii onnc reasirnegallyi msattihce
maticmaold elosf u pperat mosphedryen amics.
Thel argien cohersecnatt treard arwse reb uilitnt hee arl1y9 60i'nso rder
toi nvestitghaete ea rthi'osn ospherIen. t hes ucceediynega rtsh esrea dars
V111
havep rovetdob eo neo ft hem ostp owerftuolo lfso ri nvestigtahteid nygn amics
oft hen eutraatlm osphearsew ell.T heseg round-barsaedda rasr ea blet o
measurceo ntinuoiunst liym aen ds imultaneoouvselary w ider angoef a ltitudes
varioiuosn osphepraer ametetrrse,m endoaudsv antagients h es tudoyf w ave
phenomenRae.c entiltyh ,a sb eens hown that thescea nm raakdeai rmsp or
tanmte asuremeinntt sh el ower and maitdmdolsep herOeb.s ervatiboytn hse se
radarwsi lble d iscussinem da ny paorftt sh is book.
Mucho ft hem ateriiantl h ibso okw asfi rsptr esentienad g raduactoeu rse
taughbty thea uthowrh,i lhee w asa visitpirnogf esisnot rh eM eteorology
Departmeanttt heU niversoiftC ya liforantLi oas A ngeleisn1 973-74.
Thea uthowra sf ortuntaoth ea veD r.R .M . Harpeorf R iceU niversity,
HoustoTne,x asa,sa v isitsicnige ntaitts hteI onosphere ReLsaebaorrcaht ory,
KyotoU nivresitdyu,r intgh ep eriowdh ent hibso ok wwarsi tteTnh.e a uthor
isi ndebtteodD r.H arpeforr carefurlelayd itngh eo riginmaaln uscriapntd
makinsge verhaell pfcuolm ments.
The authort'hsa nkasl sgoo tot hem anyc olleagwuheosp ermitttehde
useo ft ablaensd d iagrafmrso mt heiwro rks.T hea uthoirsi ndebtteodD r.
T.A soI,o nosphReersee arch LaborKaytootroUy n,i versfiotrhy i,sc arefully
readitnhge m anuscripTth.e a uthoarc knowledwgietsht hanktsh aMtr .T .
Tsudaa, researacshs istIanotn,o spheRrees earLcahb oratohrays,d one nu
mericcaall culatfioorTn asb l3e. 1 a ndF igs3..1 -3. 3.
Thea uthoirsv eryt hankftuolP rofessT.o rR ikitafkoers upervistihneg
editionfgt his boTohke.a uthors'isn cetrhea nkasl sgoo t oM rs.K atow,h o
typetdh em anuscriapntd,t oM issM . Tatsukawwah,o assistiencd h ecking
referenacnedsd iagrams.
Publicatoifto hni bso oki sp artsluyb sidibzyet dh eM inistorfEy d ucation,
Sciencaen,dC ulturoefJ apan.
SusumuK ato
Contents
Prefac.e . . . . . . v
Prefacteo Volume1 vu
.
Lisotf S ymbols . . x1
1
Chapte1r GeneraIln troduction
1.1 1
FundamentEaqlu atiofnosr A tmospherMioct ion
1.2 . . . . . . . . 5 . . .
HydrostaEtqiuci libri.u m
1.3
AtmospherTiecm peratuDries tributainodn B rilnt-Viiisiilii
. . . . . . . . . . . 8.
Frequency
1.4 . . . . . 10
SteadHyo rizontMaolt ion
13
Chapte2r AcoustiGcr avitWya ves( AGW's)
2.1 13
AGW's ina n IsothermAatlm osphere
2.2
SimplEex ampleosf A GW Excitatiinot nh eU pperA tmo-
. . . . . . . . . . . .2 2. . . . . . . . . . . . .
sphere
2.3
TraveliInogn ospherDiics turban(cTeIsD )a ndO ther Ob-
. . 35
serveAdG W's .
57
Chapte3r AtmospherTiicd es
3.1 58
ClassiTciadla lT heory
3.2 97
RecenDte velopmenitnsT idaTl heory
3.3 . . . . . . . . .1 15
TidalO bservati.o n
141
Chapte4r Electrodynamoiftc hse U pperA tmosphere
4.1
Motiono f ChargePda rticlMeosb,i lities, ECluercrternitc
. . . . 141
andF iel.d
42. 150
Wind ShearE ffect.s
. 165
Chapte5r TidaDly namo.
5.1 168
SeparatioofSn q betw�eInn ternaanld E xternPaalr ts
5.2 171
BasiSct ructuorfet heA tmospherDiycn amoT heory
5.3
RecenDte velopmeonftt heD ynamo Theorya ndC ompar-
. . . . . . 180
isonw ithO bservat.i on
5.4 188
Validiotfyt heC onventioTnhaelo ry
201
Appendix.
217
References
229
SubjecItn dex
LISTO F SYMBOLS
Onlyt hoses ymbolwsh icha ppearo ftena res hown.O thers ymbols
wilble definedw herevenre cessaTrhye. n umberinogf m athematifcoarl
mulasi ss howna s( i,jw)h erei ist hec haptenru mbera ndj thef ormula
numberi nt hec hapter(.A i,, ji)s u sedf orf ormuliasn A ppendix.
Symbols Definition
a Planerta diu6s,, 3k7m0 f ort hee arth.
f Frequencnyo rmalizbeyd 2 Qa sf = (w/2Q).
g Acceleratoifog nr aviotnyu nimta ss9,.8 1m sec-f2o rt hee arth
on thes urface.
e Electrcohna rge1,6. 0 x10C-o1u9l omb.
k Wave number.
Electraonnd i onm assr,e spectively.
m Mach numberm,= l fors oniscp eedm,> l supesro nicm,< l
subsonic.
mo (wg/wwh.i)c hi sa bout0 .9 ford iatomic gas.
Electraonnd i onn umberd ensitrye,s pectively.
p Atmospherpirce ssupr0e,,s 1t ataincd p erturbpeadr tsr,e spec
tive,la ysP =Po+iP·
r Radiadli stanmceea surefdr om tphlea necte nter.
Sg(X) Signf unctiSogn (=x ±) 1 forx �Or,e spectively.
t Time
x,y,z A right-handed Cacrotoersdiianna utseu;a lxly i st akepno si
tives outhwaryd ,e astwaradn d z upward.z ism easured
fromt heg roundr,= a+z.
B Magnetiflcu xd ensit8y.0i sB oft heg eomagnetic field.
1
Bo= z-Bo.Jol + 3c osfJ2
1
B o=o -z B osom . fJ
Bo�= 0
