Dynamics of Political Violence: A Process-Oriented Perspective on Radicalization and the Escalation of Political Conflict

321 Pages·2014·1.65 MB·English

by  Lorenzo Bosi

Dynamics of Political Violence
the mobilization series on social movements,
Protest, and culture
Series Editor
Professor Hank Johnston
San Diego State University, USA
Published in conjunction with Mobilization: An International Quarterly, the
premier research journal in the field, this series disseminates high quality new
research and scholarship in the fields of social movements, protest, and contentious
politics. The series is interdisciplinary in focus and publishes monographs and
collections of essays by new and established scholars.
Other titles in the series
Beyond NGO-ization
The Development of Social Movements in Central and Eastern Europe
Edited by Kerstin Jacobsson and Steven Saxonberg
Violent Protest, Contentious Politics, and the Neoliberal State
Edited by Seraphim Seferiades and Hank Johnston
Student Activism and Curricular Change in Higher Education
mikaila mariel lemonik arthur
Dynamics of Political Violence
a Process-oriented Perspective on Radicalization
and the Escalation of Political Conflict
Edited by
loRenzo Bosi
European University Institute, Italy
cHaRes DemetRiou
Queen’s University Belfast, UK
stefan maltHaneR
Bielefeld University, Germany
© lorenzo Bosi, chares Demetriou, stefan malthaner and the contributors 2014
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
Lorenzo Bosi, Chares Demetriou and Stefan Malthaner have asserted their right under the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work.
Published by
Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company
Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street
union Road suite 3-1
Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818
Surrey, GU9 7PT USA
England
www.ashgate.com
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Bosi, lorenzo, contributor.
Dynamics of political violence : a process-oriented perspective on radicalization and the
escalation of political conflict / by Lorenzo Bosi, Chares Demetriou and Stefan Malthaner.
pages cm. – (The mobilization series on social movements, protest, and culture)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4094-4351-3 (hardback : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-4094-4352-0 (ebook) –
ISBN 978-1-4724-0192-2 (epub) 1. Political violence. 2. Violence–Religious aspects.
3. Violence–Social aspects. 4. Radicalism. I. Demetriou, Chares, contributor.
ii. malthaner, stefan, contributor. iii. title.
JC328.6.B677 2014
303.6–dc23
2013028026
ISBN 9781409443513 (hbk)
ISBN 9781409443520 (ebk – PDF)
ISBN 9781472401922 (ebk – ePUB)
V
Contents
List of Figures and Tables vii
List of Contributors ix
Acknowledgements xi
1 A Contentious Politics Approach to the Explanation of Radicalization 1
Lorenzo Bosi, Chares Demetriou and Stefan Malthaner
PART I DynAmIcs of InTeRAcTIon beTween
oPPosITIonAl movemenTs/GRouPs AnD The sTATe
2 The Mechanisms of Emotion in Violent Protest 27
Hank Johnston
3 A Typology of Backfire Mechanisms 51
Lasse Lindekilde
4 Processes of Radicalization and De-radicalization in Western
European Prisons (1965–1986) 71
Christian G. De Vito
PART II comPeTITIon AnD conflIcT: DynAmIcs of
InTRA-movemenT InTeRAcTIon
5 Competitive Escalation During Protest Cycles: Comparing Left-wing
and Religious Conflicts 93
Donatella della Porta
6 Intra-movement Competition and Political Outbidding as
Mechanisms of Radicalization in Northern Ireland, 1968–1969 115
Gianluca De Fazio
7 The Limits of Radicalization: Escalation and Restraint in the
South African Liberation Movement 137
Devashree Gupta
vi Dynamics of Political Violence
PART III DynAmIcs of meAnInG foRmATIon:
fRAmes AnD beyonD
8 Contentious Interactions, Dynamics of Interpretations, and
Radicalization: The Islamization of Palestinian Nationalism 169
Eitan Y. Alimi and Hank Johnston
9 Radical or Righteous? Using Gender to Shape Public Perceptions
of Political Violence 189
Jocelyn Viterna
10 From National Event to Transnational Injustice Symbol:
The Three Phases of the Muhammad Cartoon Controversy 217
Thomas Olesen
PART Iv DynAmIcs of (TRAnsnATIonAl) DIffusIon
11 Radicalization from Outside: The Role of the Anarchist Diaspora
in Coordinating Armed Actions in Franco’s Spain 237
Eduardo Romanos
12 Protest Diffusion and Rising Political Violence in the Turkish ’68
Movement: The Arab-Israeli War, “Paris May” and The Hot
Summer of 1968 255
Emin Alper
13 The Evolution of the al-Qaeda-type Terrorism: Networks
and Beyond 275
Ekaterina Stepanova
14 Conclusion 293
Martha Crenshaw
Index 305
List of Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Fear abatement mechanism 38
2.2 Anger-spiral mechanism 42
6.1 Civil rights and loyalist protests in Northern Ireland,
August 1968–December 1969 125
6.2 Network of violence, Northern Ireland, May 1968–July 1969 127
6.3 Network of violence, Northern Ireland, August 1969–
December 1969 130
7.1 Intra-movement radicalization process 145
7.2 Limitations on intra-movement radicalization 155
8.1 Primary framework structure and the Jihadist rim 173
Tables
3.1 The typological grid of backfire mechanisms 55
3.2 Backfire mechanisms in the field of counterterrorism 58
6.1 Dynamics of ethnic and political outbidding 119
10.1 Al-Qaeda communiqués related to the Muhammad cartoons 225
10.2 Successful and unsuccessful/aborted attacks motivated by
the cartoons 226
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List of Contributors
Eitan Y. Alimi is based at The Hebrew University, Israel.
Emin Alper is based at Istanbul Technical University, Turkey.
Lorenzo Bosi is based at the European University Institute, Italy.
Martha Crenshaw is based at Stanford University, USA.
Gianluca De Fazio is based at Emory University, USA.
Christian G. De Vito is based at the Department of Historical Studies, University
of Leicester, UK.
Donatella della Porta is based at the European University Institute, Italy.
Chares Demetriou is based at Queen’s University Belfast, UK.
Devashree Gupta is based at Carleton College, USA.
Hank Johnston is based at San Diego State University, USA.
Lasse Lindekilde is based at Aarhus University, Denmark.
Stefan Malthaner is based at the European University Institute, Italy.
Thomas Olesen is based at Aarhus University, Denmark.
Eduardo Romanos is based at Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
Ekaterina Stepanova is based at the Institute of the World Economy and
International Relations (IMEMO), Moscow.
Jocelyn Viterna is based at Harvard University, USA.